Bài tập ôn thi tuyển sinh Lớp 10 môn Tiếng Anh

Nội dung text: Bài tập ôn thi tuyển sinh Lớp 10 môn Tiếng Anh

1. ÔN THI TUYỂN SINH LỚP 10 I. TỪ VỰNG (VOCABULARY) UNIT 1: A VISIT FROM A PEN PAL - foreign (a) thuộc về nước ngoài - foreigner (n) người nước ngoài - activity (n) hoạt động - correspond (v) trao đổi thư từ - at least ít nhất - modern (a) hiện đại - ancient (a) cỗ, xưa - impress (v) gây ấn tượng - impression (n) sự gây ấn tượng - impressive (a) gây ấn tượng - beauty (n) vẻ đẹp - beautiful (a) đẹp - beautify (v) làm đẹp - friendliness (n) sự thân thiện - friend (n) bạn bè - friendly (a) thân thiện - friendship (n) tình bạn - mausoleum (n) lăng - mosque (n) nhà thờ Hồi giáo - primary school trường tiểu học - secondary school trường trung học - peaceful (a) thanh bình, yên tĩnh - peace (n) hòa bình, sự thanh bình - atmosphere (n) bầu không khí - pray (v) cầu nguyện - abroad (a) (ở, đi) nước ngoài - depend on = rely on tùy thuộc vào, dựa vào - anyway (adv) dù sao đi nữa - keep in touch with giữ liên lạc - worship (v) thờ phượng - similar to (a) tương tự - industrial (a) thuộc về công nghiệp - industry (n) ngành công nghiệp - temple (n) đền, đình - association (n) hiệp hội - Asian (a) thuộc Châu Á - divide into chia ra - region (n) vùng, miền - regional (a) thuộc vùng, miền - comprise (v) bao gồm - tropical (a) thuộc về nhiệt đới - climate (n) khí hậu - unit of currency đơn vị tiền tệ - consist of = include bao gồm, gồm có - population (n) dân số - Islam Hồi giáo - official (a) chính thức - religion (n) tôn giáo - religious (a) thuôc về tôn giáo - in addition ngoài ra - Buddhism (n) Phật giáo - Hinduism (n) Ấn giáo - widely (adv) môt cách rộng rãi - education (n) nền giáo dục - educate (v) giáo dục - educational (a) tthuộc về giáo dục - instruction (n) việc giáo dục - instruct (v) hướng dẫn, chỉ dạy - instructor (n) người hướng dẫn - compulsory (a) bắt buộc - area (n) diện tích - member country quốc gia thành viên - relative (n) nhân thân, bà con - farewell party tiệc chia tay - hang – hung – hung treo, máng UNIT 2: CLOTHING - century (n) thế kỷ - poet (n) nhà thơ - poetry (n) thơ ca - poem (n) bài thơ - traditional (a) truyền thống - silk (n) lụa - tradition (n) truyền thống - tunic (n) tà áo - slit (v) xẻ - loose (a) lỏng, rộng - pants (n): trousers quần (dài) - design (n, v) bản thiết kế, thiết kế - designer (n) nhà thiết kế - fashion designer nhà thiết kế thời trang - material (n) vật liệu - convenient (a) thuận tiện - convenience (n) sự thuận tiện - lines of poetry những câu thơ - fashionable (a) hợp thời trang - fashion (n) thời trang 1
2. - inspire (v) gây cảm hứng - inspiration (n) nguồn cảm hứng - ethnic minority dân tộc thiểu số - symbol (n) ký hiệu, biểu tượng - symbolize (v) tượng trưng - cross (n) chữ thập - stripe (n) sọc - striped (a) có sọc - unique (a) độc đáo - subject (n) chủ đề, đề tài - modernize (v) hiện đại hóa - modern (a): hiện đại - plaid (a) có ca-rô, kẻ ô vuông - suit (a) trơn - sleeve (n) tay áo - sleeveless (a) không có tay - short-sleeved (a) tay ngắn - sweater (n) áo len - baggy (a) rộng thùng thình - faded (a) phai màu - shorts (n) quần đùi - casual clothes (n) quần áo thông thường - sailor (n) thủy thủ - cloth (n) vải - wear out mòn, rách - embroider (v) thêu - label (n) nhãn hiệu - sale (n) doanh thu - go up = increase tăng lên - economic (a) thuộc về kinh tế - economy (n) nền kinh tế - economical (a) tiết kiệm - worldwide (a) rộng khắp thế giới - out of fashion lỗi thời - generation (n) thế hệ - (be) fond of = like thích - hardly (adv) hầu như không - put on = wear mặc vào - point of view quan điểm - (be) proud of tự hào về UNIT 3: A TRIP TO THE COUNTRYSIDE - buffalo (n) con trâu - plough (n, v) cái cày, cày - gather (v) gặt, thu hoạch - crop (n) vụ mùa - home village làng quê - rest (n, v) (sự) nghỉ ngơi - journey (n) chuyến đi, hành trình - chance (n) dịp - cross (v) đi ngang qua - paddy filed cánh đồng lúa - bamboo (n) tre - forest (n) rừng - snack (n) thức ăn nhanh - highway (n) xa lộ - banyan tree cây đa - entrance (n) cổng vào, lối vào - shrine (n) cái miếu - hero (n) anh hung - go boating đi chèo thuyền - riverbank (n) bờ sông - enjoy (v) – enjoyable (a) thú vị - enjoyment (n) sự thú vị, sự yêu thích - take a photo chụp ảnh - reply (v) = answer trả lời - play a role đóng vai trò - flow chảy - raise (v) nuôi - cattle (n) gia súc - pond (n) cái ao - parking lot chỗ đậu xe - gas station cây xăng - exchange (v, n) (sự) trao đổi - maize (n) = corn bắp / ngô - nearby (a) gần bên - complete (v hoàn thành - feed – fed – fed cho ăn UNIT 4: LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE - learn by heart học thuộc lòng - as + adj / adv + as possible càng càng tốt Ex: You come as soon as possible. - quite (adv) = very, completely rất - examiner (n) giám khảo - examine (v) tra hỏi, xem xét - examination (n) kỳ thi - go on tiếp tục - aspect (n) khía cạnh - in the end = finally, at last cuối cùng - exactly (adv) chính xác - passage(n) đoạn văn - attend (v) theo học, tham dự - attendance (n) sự tham dự 2
3. - attendant (n) người tham dự - course (n) khóa học - written examination kỳ thi viết - oral examination kỳ thi nói - candidate (n) thí sinh, ứng cử viên - award (v, n) thưởng, phần thưởng - scholarship (n) học bổng - dormitory (n) ký túc xá - campus (n) khuôn viên trường - reputation (n) danh tiếng - experience (n, v) kinh nghiệm, trải qua - culture (n) văn hóa - cultural (a) thuộc về văn hóa - close to gần - scenery (n) phong cảnh, cảnh vật - national (a) thuộc về quốc gia - nation (n) quốc gia, đất nước - national bank ngân hàng nhà nước - improve (v) cải tiến - improvement (n) sự cải tiến, sự cải thiện - intermediate (a) trung cấp - well-qualified (a) có trình độ cao - tuition (n) = fee học phí - academy (n) học viện - advertisement (n) = ad bài quảng cáo - advertise (v) quảng cáo - edition (n) lần xuất bản - look forward to + V-ing mong đợi UNIT 5: THE MEDIA - media (n) phương tiện truyền thông - invent (v) phát minh - invention (n) sự phát minh - inventor (n) nhà phát minh - crier (n) người rao bán hàng - latest news tin giờ chót - popular (n) được ưa chuộng, phổ biến - popularity (n) tính phổ biến - widely (adv) một cách rộng rãi - teenager (n) thanh thiếu niên - adult (n) người lớn - thanks to nhờ vào - variety (n) sự khác nhau, sự đa dạng - channel (n) kênh truyền hình - control (v) điều kiển, kiểm soát - stage (n) giai đoạn - development (n) sự phát triển - develop (v) phát triển - interactive (a) tương tác - viewer (n) người xem - show (n) buổi trình diễn - remote (a) = far xa - event (n) sự kiện - interact (v) ảnh hưởng - interaction (n) sự tương tác - benefit (n) ích lợi - violent (a) bạo lực - violence (n) bạo lực - documentary (n) phim tài liệu - informative (a) có nhiều tin tức - information (n) thông tin - inform (v) thông tin, cho hay - folk music nhạc dân ca - battle (n) trận chiến - communicate (v) giao tiếp - communicative (a) giao tiếp - communication (n) sự giao tiếp - relative (n) bà con, họ hàng - means (n) phương tiện - useful for sb có ích cho ai - entertain (v) giải trí - entertainment (n) sự giải trí - commerce (n) thương mại - limitation (n) sự hạn chế - limit (v) giới hạn - time-consuming (a) tốn nhiều thời gian - suffer (v) chịu đựng - spam (n) thư rác - leak (v) rò rỉ, chảy - response (n, v) trả lời, phản hồi - costly (adv) tốn tiền - alert (a) cảnh giác - surf (v) lướt trên mạng UNIT 6: THE ENVIRONMENT - environment (n) môi trường - environmental (a) thuộc về môi trường - environmentalist (n)nhà môi trường học - garbage (n) rác thải - dump (n) bãi đổ, nơi chứa - pollution (n) sự ô nhiễm - pollute (v) ô nhiễm - polluted (a) bị ô nhiễm - deforestation (n) sự phá rừng - deforest (v) phá rừng - dynamite (n) chất nổ - dynamite fishing đánh cá bằng chất nổ - spray (v) xịt, phun - pesticide (n) thuốc trừ sâu - volunteer (n) người tình nguyện 3
4. - conservationist (n) người bảo vệ môi trường - once (adv) một khi - shore (n) bờ biển - sand (n) cát - rock (n) tảng đá - kindly (a) vui lòng, ân cần - provide (v) cung cấp - disappointed (a) thất vọng - disappoint (v) làm ai thất vọng - spoil (v) làm hư hỏng, làm hại - achieve (v) đạt được, làm được - achievement (n) thành tựu - persuade (v) thuyết phục - protect (v) bảo vệ - protection (n) sự bảo vệ - wrap (v) gói, bọc - dissolve (v) phân hủy, hoàn tan - natural resources nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên - trash (n) rác - harm (v) làm hại - energy (n) năng lượng - exhausted fume hơi, khói thải ra - prevent (v) ngăn ngừa, đề phòng - prevention (n) sự ngăn ngừa - litter (v, n) xả rác, rác - recycle (v) tái chế - sewage (n) nước thải - pump (v) bơm, đổ - oil spill sự tràn dầu - waste (n) chất thải - end up cạn kiệt - junk-yard (n) bãi phế thải - treasure (n) kho tàng, kho báu - stream (n) dòng suối - foam (n) bọt - hedge (n) hàng rào - nonsense (n) lời nói phi lý - silly (a) ngớ ngẩn, khờ dại - right away = immediately (adv) ngay lập tức - folk (n) người - explanation (n) lời giải thích - bubble (n) bong bong - gas (n) khí - valuable (a) quí giá - keep on = go on = continue tiếp tục - poet (n) nhà thơ - minimize (v) giảm đến tối thiểu - complaint to s.o (v) than phiền, phàn nàn - complicated (a) phức tạp - complication (n) sự phức tạp - resolution (n) cách giải quyết - politeness (n) sự lịch sự - label (v) dán nhãn - transport (v) vận chuyển - clear up dọn sạch - trash (n) đồ rác rưởi - truck (n) xe tải - look forward to mong đợi - break (n) sự ngừng / nghỉ - refreshment (n) sự nghỉ ngơi - fly (n) con ruồi - worried about lo lắng về - float (v) nổi - surface (n) bề mặt - frog (n) con ếch - toad (n) con cóc - electric shock (n) điện giật - wave (n) làn sóng - local (a) thuộc về địa phương - local authorities chính quyền đại phương - prohibit (v) = ban (v) ngăn cấm - prohibition (n) sự ngăn cấm - fine (v) phạt tiền UNIT 7: SAVING ENERGY - energy (n) năng lượng - bill (n) hóa đơn - enormous (a) quá nhiều, to lớn - reduce (v) giảm - reduction (n) sự giảm lại - plumber (n) thợ sửa ống nước - crack (n) đường nứt - pipe (n) đường ống (nước) - bath (n) bồn tắm - faucet (n) = tap vòi nước - drip (v) chảy thành giọt - tool (n) dụng cụ - fix (v) lắp đặt, sửa - waste (v) lãng phí - appliance (n) đồ dùng - solar energy năng lượng mặt trời - nuclear power năng lượng hạt nhân - provide (v): supply cung cấp - power (n): electricity điện - heat (n, v) sức nóng, làm nóng - install (v) lắp đặt - coal (n) than - luxuries (n) xa xí phẩm - necessities (n) nhu yếu phẩm - consumer (n) người tiêu dùng - consume (v) tiêu dùng - consumption (n) sự tiêu thụ - effectively (adv) có hiệu quả 4
5. - household (n) hộ, gia đình - lightning (n) sự thắp sáng - account for chiếm - replace (v) thay thế - bulb (n) bóng đèn tròn - energy-saving (a) tiết kiệm năng lượng - standard (n) tiêu chuẩn - last (v) kéo dài - label (v) dán nhãn - scheme (n): plan kế hoạch - freezer (n) tủ đông - tumble dryer máy sấy - model (n) kiểu - compared with so sánh với - category (n) loại - ultimately (adv): finally cuối cùng, sau hết - as well as cũng như - innovation (n): reform sự đổi mới - innovate (v): reform đổi mới - conserve (v) bảo tồn, bảo vệ - conservation (n) sự bảo tồn - purpose (n) mục đích - speech (n) bài diễn văn - sum up tóm tắt - gas (n) xăng, khí đốt - public transport vận chuyển công cộng - mechanic (n) thợ máy - wastebasket (n) sọt rác - science (n) khoa học - scientific (a) thuộc khoa học - scientist (n) nhà khoa học UNIT 8: CELEBRATIONS - celebration (n) lễ kỷ niệm - celebrate (v) làm lễ kỷ niệm - Easter (n) lễ Phục Sinh - Lunar New Year Tết Nguyên Đán - wedding (n) đám cưới - throughout (prep) suốt - occur (v): happen / take place xảy ra, diễn ra - decorate (v) trang trí - decoration (n) sự trang trí - sticky rice cake bánh tét - be together: gather tập trung - apart (adv) cách xa - Passover (n) Lễ Quá Hải (của người Do thái) - Jewish (n) người Do thái - freedom (n) sự tự do - slave (n) nô lệ - slavery (n) sự nô lệ - as long as miễn là - parade (n) cuộc diễu hành - colorful (a) nhiều màu, sặc sỡ - crowd (v) tụ tập - crowd (n) đám đông - crowded with (a) đông đúc - compliment (n) lời khen - compliment so on sth khen ai về việc gì - well done Giỏi lắm, làm tốt lắm - congratulate so on sth chúc mừng ai về - congratulation lời chúc mừng - Congratulations! Xin chúc mừng - first prize giải nhất - contest (n) cuộc thi - active (a) tích cực - charity (n) việc từ thiện - nominate (v) chọn - activist (n) người hoạt động - acquaintance (n) sự quen biết - kind (a) tử tế - kindness (n) sự tử tế - trusty (a) đáng tin cậy - trust (n) sự tin cậy - express (v) diễn tả - feeling (n) tình cảm, cảm xúc - memory (n) trí nhớ - lose heart mất hy vọng - miss (v) nhớ, bỏ qua, trễ - tear (n) nước mắt - groom (n) chú rể - hug (v) ôm - considerate (a) ân cần, chu đáo - generous (a) rộng lượng, bao dung - generosity (n) tính rộng lượng, sự bao dung - priority (n) sự ưu tiên - sense of humour tính hài hước - humourous (a) hài hước - distinguish (v) phân biệt - in a word: in brief / in sum tóm lại - terrific (a): wonderful tuyệt vời - proud of tự hào, hãnh diện - alive (a) còn sống - image (n) hình ảnh - imagine (v) tưởng tượng - share (v) chia sẻ - support (v) ủng hộ UNIT 9: NATURAL DISASTERS - disaster (n) thảm họa → disastrous (a) -disastrously (adv) 5
6. - natural disaster thiên tai - snowstorm (n) bão tuyết - earthquake (n) động đất - volcano (n) núi lửa → volcanic (a): thuộc về núi lửa - typhoon (n) bão nhiệt đới - weather forecast dự báo thời tiết - turn up vặn lớn - turn down vặn nhỏ - volume (n) âm lượng - temperature (n) nhiệt độ - thunderstorm (n) bão có sấm sét - south-central (a) phía nam miền trung - experience (v) trải qua - highland (n) cao nguyên - prepare for chuẩn bị cho - laugh at cười nhạo, chế nhạo - just in case nếu tình cờ xảy ra - canned food thức ăn đóng hộp - candle (n) nến - match (n) diêm quẹt - ladder (n) cái thang - blanket (n) chăn mền - bucket (n) cái xô - power cut cúp điện - Pacific Rim vành đai Thái Bình Dương - tidal wave / tsunami song thần - abrupt (a) thình lình - shift (n) sự chuyển dịch - underwater (a)ở dưới nước - movement (n) sự chuyển động - hurricane (n) bão - cyclone (n) cơn lốc - erupt (v) phun - eruption (n) sự phun trào - predict (v) đoán trước - prediction (n) sự đoán trước - tornado (n) bão xoáy - funnel-shaped (a) có hình phễu - suck up hút - path (n) đường đi - baby carriage xe nôi UNIT 10: LIFE ON OTHER PLANETS - UFOs = Unidentified Flying Objects vật thể bay không xác định - in the sky trên bầu trời - spacecraft (n) tàu vũ trụ - planet (n) hành tinh - believe (v) tin, tin tưởng - aircraft (n) máy bay - balloon (n) khinh khí cầu - meteor (n) sao băng - evidence (n) bằng chứng - exist (v) tồn tại - existence (n) sự tồn tại - experience (n) kinh nghiệm - pilot (n) phi hành gia - alien (n) người lạ - claim (v) nhận là, cho là - egg-shaped (a) có hình quả trứng - sample (n) vật mẫu - capture (v) bắt giữ - take aboard đưa lên tàu, máy bay - examine (v) điều tra - free (v) giải thoát - disappear (v) biến mất - disappearance (n) sự biến mất - plate-like (a) giống cái dĩa - device (n) thiết bị - treetop (n) ngọn cây - proof / support (n) bằng chứng - falling star sao sa - shooting star sao băng - hole (n) cái lỗ - jump (v) nhảy - health (n) sức khỏe - healthy (a) khỏe mạnh - space (n) không gian - physical condition điều kiện thể chất - perfect (a) hoàn hảo - ocean (n) đại dương - orbit (v) bay quanh quỹ đạo - circus (n0 đoàn xiếc - cabin (n) buồng lái - experience (v) trải nghiệm - marvelous (a) kỳ diệu 6
7. TENSES (Thì) TENSES USE SIGNAL WORDS EXAMPLES SIMPLE PRESENT - thói quen ở hiện tại - always, usually, often, - She often goes to (HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN) - sự thật, chân lí. sometimes, seldom, rarely, school late. Động từ thường never, every, normally, - The sun rises in the +: S + V1 / V(s/es) regularly, occasionally, as a east. rule -: S + don’t/ doesn’t + V1 ?: Do / Does + S + V1 ? Động từ to be: S + am/ is / are - hành động đang diễn ra - at the moment, now, right - I can’t answer the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE vào lúc nói. now, at present phone. I’m having a (HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN) - dự định sẽ thực hiện - Look! bath. trong tương lai gần. - Listen! - She is going to the +: S + am/is/are + V-ing - hành động có tính chất - Be quiet! cinema tonight. tạm thời. - Keep silence! - He often goes to work -: S + am/ is/ are + not + V-ing Note: một số động từ by car, but today he is thường không dùng với thì taking a bus. ?: Am / Is /Are + S + V-ing? tiếp diễn: like, dislike, hate, love, want, prefer, admire, believe, understand, remember, forget, know, belong, have, taste, smell, be PRESENT PERFECT - hành động bắt đầu trong - lately, recently (gần đây) - I have learnt English (HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH) quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện - so far, up to now, up to for five years. tại và có thể tiếp tục trong the present (cho tới bây +: S + has / have + P.P tương lai. giờ) - hành động vừa mới xảy - already, ever, never, just, - She has just received -: S + has / have + not + P.P ra. yet, for + khoảng th/g, since a letter from her father. + mốc th/g. ?: Has / Have + S + P.P? - how long - this is the first time/second time - many times / several times SIMPLE PAST - hành động xảy ra và - yesterday, last week, last - She went to London (QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN) chấm dứt ở một thời điểm month, ago, in 1990, in last year. xác định trong quá khứ. the past, +: S + V2 / V-ed - một chuỗi hành động - The man came to the xảy ra liên tục trong quá door, unlocked it, -: S + didn’t + V1 khứ. entered the room, went - một thói quen trong quá to the bed and lay down ?: Did + S + V1 .? khứ on it. - When we were students, we often went on a picnic every weekend. PAST PROGRESSIVE - hành động đang xảy ra - at that time, at (9 o’clock) - He was doing his (QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN) tại một thời điểm xác last night, at this time (last homework at 8 o’clock định trong quá khứ week), last night. +: S + was / were + V-ing - hai hành động cùng xảy - The children were ra đồng thời trong quá playing football while -: S + was / were + not + V-ing khứ their mother was 7
8. cooking the meal. ?: Was / Were + S + V-ing ? PAST PERFECT - hành động xảy ra trước - already, ever, never, - When I arrived at the (QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH hành động khác hoặc before, by, by the time, party, they had already trước một thời điểm trong after, until, when, . left. +: S + had + P.P quá khứ - I had completed the English course by -: S + hadn’t + P.P 1998. ?: Had + S + P.P ? SIMPLE FUTURE - hành động sẽ xảy ra - tomorrow, next, in 2012, - He will come back (TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN) trong tương lai . tomorrow. - một quyết định được - I think / guess - The phone is ringing. +: S + will / shall + V1 đưa ra vào lúc nói - I am sure / I am not sure I will answer it. -: S + will / shall + not + V1 (won’t / shan’t + V1) ?: Will / Shall + S + V1 ? Lưu ý cách dùng của Be going to + V1 - diễn tả một dự định đã được sắp đặt trước Ex: She is going to buy a new computer. (She has saved for a year) - diễn tả một dự đoán có căn cứ Ex: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain. Note: - hai hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ: . hành động ngắn dùng thì quá khứ đơn, hành động dài dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn Ex: Yesterday morning, I met my friend while I was going to school. . hành động xảy ra trước dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành, hành động xảy ra sau dùng thì quá khứ đơn Ex: She went out with her friends after she had finished her homework. She had finished her homework before she went out with her friends. Một số cách hòa hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề thời gian: (Mệnh đề chính) (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian) Hiện tại Hiện tại Quá khứ Quá khứ Tương lai Hiện tại 1.TLĐ + until / when / as soon as + HTĐ I will wait here until she comes back. 2. TLĐ + after + HTHT He will go home after he has finished his work. 3. while / when / as + QKTD, QKĐ While I was going to school, I met my friend. 4. QKĐ + while / when / as + QKTD It (start) to rain while the boys (play) football. 5. QKTD + while + QKTD Last night, I was doing my homework while my sister was playing games. 6. HTHT + since + QKĐ I (work) here since I (graduate) . 7. After + QKHT, QKĐ After I had finished my homework, I (go) to bed. 8.Before / By the time + QKĐ + QKHT Before she (have) dinner, she (write) letter. EXERCISSE 1. He was writing to his friend when he ___a noise. A. was hearing B. heard C. had heard D. hears 8
9. 2. I ___many people since I came here in June. A. met B. has met C. was meeting D. have met 3. We ___ maths at this time last week. A. were learning B. are learning C. was learning D. learnt 4. She was playing games while he ___a football match. A. watched B. watches C. was watching D. watching 5. She ___to Ho Chi Minh city last year. A. goes B. has gone C. go D. went 6. Since we came here, we ___ a lot of acquaintances. A. have had B. had C. have D. are having 7. ___he playing football now? A. Will B. Does C. Was D. Is 8. Every morning, I often sit in my garden and___ to my nightingale sing. A. listening B. listen C. listened D. listens 9. She ___school when she was six. A. start B. started C. has started D. are starting 10. I. ___TV when the telephone rang. A. watched B. was watching C. are watching D. have watched 11. I will contact you as soon as I ___the information. A. will get B. get C. got D. had got 12. If he's late again, I___ very angry. A. am going to be B. will be C. would be D. am 13. A: “The phone is ringing” B. “ I ___it”. A. answer B. will answer C. have answered D. will be answering 14. Yesterday, I ___ for work late because I ___ to set my alarm. A. had left / forgot B. was leaving / was forgetting C. left / had forgot D. had been leaving / would forget 15. By the time we ___ to the train station, Susan ___ for us for more than two hours. A. will get / has been waiting B. got / was waiting C. got / had been waiting D. get / will wait 16. While her brother was in the army, Sarah ___ to him twice a week. A. was writing B. wrote C. has written D. had written 17. The Titanic ___ the Atlantic when it ___ an iceberg. A. was crossing / struck B. had crossed / was striking C. crossed / had struck D. is crossing / strikes 18. In the 19th century, it ___ two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. A. took B. had taken C. had taken D. was taking 19. Last night at this time, they ___ the same thing. She ___ and he ___ the Newspaper. A. are not doing / is cooking / is reading B. were not doing / was cooking / was reading C. was not doing / has cooked / is reading D. had not done / was cooking /read 20. After he ___ his English course, he went to England to continue his study. A. finish B. finishes C. finished D. had finished 31. When I walk past the park, I saw some children play football. A B C D 32. After John eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed. A B C D 33. What did you do at 9 o'clock last night? I phoned you but nobody answered. A B C D 34. When I arrived at the station, the train has already left. A B C D 35. Ann and Susan have known each other during they were at school. A B C D 36. She has disappeared three days ago, and they are still looking for her now. A B C D 37. After Mrs. Wang had returned to her house from work, she was cooking dinner A B C D 38. It’s the first time I saw this film A B C D 9
10. 39. After he graduates from university, he joined the army. A B C D 40. Up to now, there had been no woman being chosen the US president. A B C D 41. It’s a long time since we last went to the cinema. A. We have been to the cinema for a long time. B. We haven’t been to the cinema for a long time. C. We don’t go to the cinema as we used to. D. We wish we went to the cinema now. 42. The last time I saw Rose was three years ago. A. I didn’t see Rose for three years. B. I haven’t seen Rose three years ago. C. I haven’t seen Rose since three years. D. I haven’t seen Rose for three years. 43. I haven't visited the museum for three months. A. It is three months since I have visited the museum. B. I didn't visit the museum three months ago. C. The last time I had visited the museum was three months ago. D. It is three months since I visited the museum. 44. "John began playing the piano 10 years ago" A.John played the piano 10 years ago. C. John has played the piano for 10 years. B.John used to play the piano 10 years ago. D. John doesn't play the piano anymore 45. The last time I saw her was a week ago. . A.I haven't seen her for a week. C. I haven't seen her since a week. B.I have seen her for a week. D. I have seen her since a week. 1. Last night we (watch) ___TV when the power (fail) ___. 2. London (change) ___ a lot since we first (come) ___ to live here. 3. I (spend) ___ a lot of time travelling since I (get) ___this new job. 4. She (have) ___a hard life, but she’s always smiling. 5. He sometimes (come) ___ to see his parents. 6. Last month I (be) ___ in the hospital for ten days. 7. What you (do) ___ when I (ring) ___ you last night? 8. I (not see) ___ him since last Sunday. 9. My mother (come) ___ to stay with us next week. 10. When he lived in Manchester, he (work) ___ in a bank. 11. Columbus (discover) ___ America more than 400 years ago. 12. Listen! The birds (sing) ___. 13. ___You (receive) ___ any letter from your parents yet? 14. How long ___Bob and Mary (be) ___ married? 15. She (ask) ___ me to tellabout him several times. 16. John (watch) ___ TV at 8:00 last evening. 17. He (do) ___ his homework before he (go) ___ to the cinema. 18. Hurry up! The train (come) ___. 19. We (not talk) ___ to each other for a long time. 20. He (feel) ___ asleep while he (do) ___ his homework. PASSIVE VOICE (Câu bị động) I. CÁCH CHUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG SANG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG Active: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT Passive: SUBJECT + BE + P.P + BY + OBJECT II. CÁCH CHUYỂN ĐỔI HÌNH THỨC ĐỘNG TỪ CỦA MỘT SỐ THÌ 10
11. THÌ CHỦ ĐỘNG BỊ ĐỘNG HTĐ V1 / Vs(es) Am / is / are + V3 HTTD Am / is / are + V-ing Am / is / are + being + V3 HTHT Has / have + V3 Has / have + been + V3 QKĐ V2 / V-ed Was / were + V3 QKTD Was / were + V-ing Was / were + being + V3 QKHT Had + V3 Had + been + V3 TLĐ Will / shall + V1 Will / shall + be + V3 TLHT Will/ shall + have + V3 Will / shall + have + been + V3 Note: - Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng trước by + O; trạng từ chỉ thời gian đứng sau by + O - Nếu chủ từ trong câu chủ động là từ phủ định (noone, nobody) thì đổi sang câu bị động phủ định. - Các chủ từ someone, anyone, people, he, she, they trong câu chủ động thì có thể bỏ “by + O” trong câu bị động EXERCISE Change into passive voice. 1. The teacher corrects our exercises at home. 2. Alice gave me a wonderful present. 3. They are building several new schools in our town. 4. We have made great progress in industry, science and medicine. 5. Sam killed a lion last week. 6. You must hand in your report before the end of this month. 7. I had just finished the job when the factory closed. 8. No one has opened that box for the past hundred years. 9. She is going to mail these letters soon 10. He should finish the report yesterday. 11. Many U.S automobiles in Detroit, Michigan. A. manufacture B. have manufactured C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing 12. When I came, an experiment in the lab. A. was being holding B. has been held C. was being held D. has held 13. Last night a tornado swept through Rockvill. It everything in its path. A. destroyed B. was destroyed C. was being destroyed D. had been destroyed 14. This exercise may with a pencil. A. be written B. be to write C. be writing D. write 15. This picture by Johnny when I came. A. painted B. was painted C. was being painted D. had been painted 16. They speak much about this book. A. This book is much spoken about. B. This book is much spoken. C. This book is much about spoken. D. This book are much spoken about. 17. My shirt by my sister on my last birthday. A. gave B. was given C. had been given D. was being given 18. Hamlet was wrote by William Shakespeare. A B C D 19. Daisy's ring is make of gold. A B C D 20. This exercise may with a pencil. 11
12. A. be written B. be to write C. be writing D. write 21. The university by private funds as well as by tuition income. A. is supported B. supports C. is supporting D. has supported 22. He broke my watch. A. My watch were broken. B. My watch be broken. C. My watch is broken. D. My watch was broken. 23. You have to do your homework every day. A. Your homework has been done every day. B Your homework has to do by you every day. C Your homework has to be done every day. D Your homework have to be done every day. 24. Lots of houses___ by the earthquake. A. are destroying B. destroyed C. were destroying D. were destroyed 25. The telephone ___ by Alexander Graham Bell. A. invented B. is inventing C. be invented D. was invented WISH CLAUSES (Mệnh đề mong ước) Có 3 dạng câu mong ước: - Mong ước không thật ở hiện tại: KĐ: S + wish(es) + S + V2/-ed + O (to be: were / weren’t) PĐ: S + wish(es) + S + didn’t + V1 Ex: Ben isn’t here. I wish Ben were here. I wish I could swim. - Mong ước không thật ở quá khứ: KĐ: S + wish(es) + S + had + V3/-ed PĐ: S + wish(es) + S + hadn’t + V3/-ed Ex: She failed her exam last year. She wishes she hadn’t failed her exam. - Mong ước không thật trong tương lai KĐ: S+ wish(es) + S + would + V1 PĐ: S + wish(es) + S + wouldn’t + V1 Ex: I wish you would stop smoking. Note: S + wish(es) có thể thay bằng If only Ex: I wish I weren’t so fat. = If only I weren’t so fat. EXERCISE 1. I wish I (see) ___ her off at the airport yesterday. 2. Tom wishes he (have) ___ enough money to buy a new car now. 3. Mary wishes she (become) ___ an astronaut someday. 4. He wishes he (not/buy) ___ that old car. 5. I’m really sorry I didn’t invite her to the party. I really wish 6. I’m sorry I can’t help you do your homework. I wish 7. She doesn’t like to work with him. She wishes . 8. I don't understand this point of grammar. I wish I ___ it better. A. understood B. would understand C. had understood D. understands 9. It never stops raining here. I wish it ___ raining. A. stopped B. would stop C. had stopped D. will stop 10. I miss my friends. I wish my friends ___ here right now. A. were B. would be C. had been D. was 11. I should never have said that. I wish I ___ that. A. didn't say B. wouldn't say C. hadn't said D. says 12. I speak terrible English. I wish I ___ English well. A. spoke B. would speak C. had spoken D. speaks 13. I cannot sleep. The dog next door is making too much noise. I wish it ___ quiet. A kept B. would keep C. had kept D. will keep 14. This train is very slow. The earlier train was much faster. I wish I ___ the earlier train. 12
13. A. caught B. would catch C. had caught D. catches 15. I didn't see the TV programme but everybody said it was excellent. I wish I ___ it. A. saw B. would see C. had seen D. seen 16. I went out in the rain and now I have a bad cold. I wish I ___ out. A. didn't go B. wouldn't go C. hadn't gone D. went 17. This movie is terrible. I wish we ___ to see another one. A. went B. would go C. had gone D. go 18. I wish I ___ more careful with my money in the future A. would be B. should be C. could be D. had been 19. George now wishes he hasn’t broken his encouragement with Marian A B C D 20. I sometimes wish that I will have another car. A B C D 21. I wishes you had been at the meeting yesterday. A B C D 22. I wish I didn’t say that to him yesterday. A B C D 23. She wishes that we didn’t send her the candy yesterday because she’s on a diet. A B C D GIỚI TỪ CHỈ THỜI GIAN 1. AT: vào lúc - dùng chỉ thời gian trong ngày At + giờ At midnight nừa đêm At night buổi tối At lunchtime vào giờ ăn trưa At sunset lúc mặt trời lặn At sunrise lúc mặt trời lặn Dawn lúc bình minh At noon giữa trưa (lúc 12 giờ trưa) - dùng chỉ một dịp lễ hội, một thời khắc nào đó At the weekend (người Mỹ và Úc dùng on the weekend) At Easter vào lễ phục sinh At Christmas vào lễ Giáng sinh At New Year At present, At the moment At this / that time At the same time cùng thời gian At the end / beginning of this month / next month At the age ofở lứa tuổi Ex: He came to live in London at the age of twenty five. Tom and Peter arrived at the same time. 2. ON: vào - dùng chỉ thứ trong tuần, ngày trong tháng On Monday, On 14th February, On this / that day - dùng chỉ buổi trong ngày On Sunday evenings On Christmas Day, On New Year’s Day, On my birthday 3. IN: trong - dùng chỉ buổi trong ngày nói chung, một kỳ nghỉ, một học kỳ In the morning / afternoon / evening In the Easter holiday In the summer term trong học kỳ hè In the summer holiday trong kỳ nghỉ hè - dùng cho tháng, mùa, năm, thập kỷ, thế kỷ, thời đại và thiên niên kỷ In August , In the summer / winter / spring / autumn, In 2010, In the 1990s, In the 19th century In the Middle Ages, In the 3rd millennium 13
14. - dùng trong một số cụm từ để chỉ thời gian trong tương lai In a moment / in a few minutes / in an hour / in a day / in a week / in six months In the end cuối cùng * Note: On time đúng giờ (không trễ) In time đúng lúc, kịp lúc In the end cuối cùng In the end ≠ at first Ex: He got more and more angry. In the end, he walked out of the room. ADVERBS CLAUSES OF RESULT (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả) Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả bắt đầu bằng các từ so, therefore (vì vậy, vì thế) Lưu ý dấu chấm câu. Của so và therefore Ex: He is ill so he can’t go to school. / He is ill, so he can’t go to school. He is ill. Therefore, he can’t go to school. / He is ill; therefore, he can’t go to school. Một số liên từ khác cần lưu ý: and, but, however, because, since, as EXERCISE 1. She often plays the piano .night. 2. I always go school . foot 3. It never snows here Christmas. 4. The country looks beautiful . spring. 5. I can see you . Monday. 6. I live . the country, but she lives the city. 7. We have lived in Hanoi 4 years. 8. I don’t like get up the morning. 9. He had learned the whole poem heart. 10. He always comes . bus. 11. This book is Dickens. 12. Is Miss Smith . home? 13. I have breakfast . .7.30 every morning. 14. There is a meeting 1pm and 3pm. 15. My birthday is .May 5th. 16. My birthday is the 5th. 17. She has been here yesterday. 18. I like swimming the summer 19. We get a lot of rain November. 20. I will stay there till the beginning .June. Rewrite the sentences using “SO” / “THEREFORE” 1. They couldn’t help you because they are not here. 2. She doesn’t study hard and she can’t pass the exam. 3. I can’t go out because it is raining. 4. The test was so long that I can’t finish it. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Câu điều kiện) 1. Type 1: điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai If clause Main clause S + V1 / V s(es) S + will / can/ may + V1 (don’t / doesn’t + V1) (won’t / can’t + V1) 2. Type 2: điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại 14
15. If clause Main clause S + V-ed / V2 S + would / could / should + V1 (didn’t + V1) (wouldn’t / couldn’t + V1) To be: were / weren’t 3. Type 3: điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ If clause Main clause S + had + P.P S + would / could / should + have + P.P (hadn’t + P.P) (wouldn’t / couldn’t + have + P.P) 4. Những cách khác để diễn đạt câu điều kiện: a. Unless = If .not If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living. = Unless b. Without: không có = if not Without water, life wouldn’t exist. = If Note: 1. Có thể diễn tả câu điều kiện mà không cần dùng if hay unless bằng cách đảo ngữ. Were I rich, I would help you. = If I were rich, I would help you. Had I known her, I would have made friend with her. = If I had known her, I would have made friend with her. 2. Có thể kết hợp điều kiện 2 và điều kiện 3 trong một câu. If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be so tired now. You wouldn’t be so hungry if you had had breakfast this morning. 3. Đôi khi thì hiện tại đơn được dùng cho cả hai mệnh đề của câu điều kiện để diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên; nó được gọi là zero conditional. If we don’t water these flowers, they die. 4. Mệnh đề chính trong câu điều kiện loại 1 có thể là một câu đề nghị hoặc lời mời. If you see Peter at the meeting, please tell him to return my book. If you are free now, have a cup of coffee with me. 5. Đổi từ if sang unless: IF UNLESS Khẳng định Khẳng định (động từ trong mệnh đề chính đổi sang phủ định) Phủ định Khẳng định (mệnh đề chính không thay đổi) Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster. Unless If she doesn’t work harder, she will fail the exam. Unless 6. Dạng câu: Mệnh lệnh + or + Clause - If you don’t + V1, Clause - If you aren’t + , Clause Ex: Be carefull or you will cut yourself. If Go away or I will call the police. If EXERCISE 1. She doesn’t live in London because she doesn’t know anyone there  If . 2. I don’t have a spare ticket. I can’t take you to the concert  If I 3. The schoolchildren sowed some seeds, but they forgot to water them so they didn’t grow.  If the children 4. They don’t understand the problem. They won’t find a solution  If they . 5. Carol didn’t answer the phone because she was studying  If Carol 15
16. 6. Rita is exhausted today because she didn’t get any sleep last night.  If Rita 7. He can’t park near his office; that’s why he doesn’t come by car  If he 8. The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone.  If the flats 9. I don’t know her e-mail address, so I can’t tell you  If I . 10. She works in the evening. She has no time to play with her children  If she . 11. He doesn’t see the signal so he doesn’t stop his car  If he . 12. Peter gets bad marks because he doesn’t prepare his lessons well  If Peter 13. Mary doesn’t have enough money. She can’t buy a new car. - If Mary 1. I would have visited you before if there ___ quite a lot of people in your house. A. hadn't B. hadn't been C. wouldn't be D. wasn't 2. If you had caught the bus, you ___ late for work. A. wouldn't have been B. would have been C. wouldn’t be D. would be 3. If I ___, I would express my feelings. A. were asked B. would ask C. had been asked D. asked 4. If ___ as I told her, she would have succeeded. A. she has done B. she had done C. she does D. she did 5. Will you be angry if I ___ your pocket dictionary? A. stole B. have stolen C. were to steal D. steal 6. You made a mistake by telling her a lie. It ___ better if you ___ to her. A. would have been / hadn't lied B. would be / didn't lie C. will be / don't lie D. would be / hadn't lied 7. John would be taking a great risk if he ___ his money in that business. A. would invest B. invested C. had investedD. invests 8. She wouldn't have given them all that money if we ___ her to. A. wouldn’t advise B. won't advise C. hadn't advised D. didn't advise 9. If the tree hadn't been so high, he ___ it up to take his kite down. A. could have climbed B. climb C. is climbing D. climbed 10. If the wall weren't so high, he ___ it up to take his ball down. A. climbed B. could climb C. is climbing D. climb 11. If I ___ her phone number, I ___ her last night A. had known / could have phoned B. knew / would have phoned C. know / can phone D. knew / could phone 12. If he ___ the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him. A. tells B. told C. had told D. would tell 13. If you press that button what ___? A. would happen B. would have happened C. will happen D. happen 15. I am very thin. I think, if I ___ smoking, I might get fat. A. stop B. had stopped C. will stop D. stopped 16. If I ___ that yesterday, I ___ them. A. had discovered / would inform B. had discovered / would have informed C. had discovered / could inform D. discovered / can inform 17. If you ___ to the course regularly, they ___ a certificate last year. A. go / gave B. go / give C. had gone / would have given D. went / would give 18. I think he is not at home. If he ___ in, he ___ the phone. A. was / answered B. were / would answer C. were / would have answered D.had been / would have answered 16
17. 19. If I ___ in London now, I could visit British Museum. A. were B. had been C. have been D. would be 20. If you didn't wear shabby clothes, you ___ more good-looking. A. will be B. would be C. would have been D. can be 21. If your hair ___grey now, what ___ you ___? A. went / would / do B. goes / would /do C. had gone / would/do D. had gone / would have / done 24. If I ___ an Angel, I would try to make happy all the children. A. am B. have been C. were D. had been 25. John would be taking a great risk if he ___ his money in that business. 26. What (you / say) ___ if I offered you a job? 27. The children always (get) ___ frightened if they watch horror films 28. If it (not be) ___ for you, I would be late 29. I can’t help feeling sorry for the hungry children. If only there (be) ___ peace in the world 30. Were I to become president, my first act (be) ___ to help the poor 31. If he (listen) ___ to his father’s advice, he would still be working here. 32. If she hadn’t stayed up late last night, she (not / be) ___ tired now. 33. If he (have) ___free time, he will go swimming. 34. Don’t go out if the wind (be) ___ strong. 35. If you (heat) ___ice, it (turn) ___into water. REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tường thuật) Câu gián tiếp là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp. a. Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi; không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ. b. Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi, thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn. I. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu) 1. Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her We → They us → them our → their 2. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your) - Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật 3. Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi II. Thay đổi về thì trong câu: DIRECT INDIRECT Simple present - V1 /Vs(es) Simple past – V2 / V-ed Present progressive – am / is / are + V-ing Past progressive – was / were + V-ing Present perfect – have / has + P.P Past perfect – had + P.P Present perfect progressive – have / has been +V-ing Past perfect progressive - had been + V-ing Simple past – V2 / -ed Past perfect – had + P.P Past progressive – was / were + V-ing Past perfect progressive – had been +V-ing Simple future – will + V1 Future in the past - would + V1 Future progressive will be + V-ing Future progressive in the past - would be + V-ing III. Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn: DIRECT INDIRECT Now Then Here There This That These Those Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The day before / the previous day Last year The year before / the previous year Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after 17
18. Next month The following month / the next month / the month after Ago Before BẢNG ĐẠI TỪ Subject Object Adjective possessive I me My You you your He him his She her her It it its We us our They them their CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP 1. Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị - Mệnh lệnh khẳng định: Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O ” Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to + V1 + . Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.” → He told her - Mệnh lệnh phủ định: Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + ” Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to+ V1 . Ex: The teacher said to the students: “Don’t talk in the class.” → The teacher 2. Câu trần thuật Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause” Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause Note: said to → told Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.” → Tom said (that) She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.” → She told me (that) 3. Câu hỏi a. Yes – No question Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux. V + S + V1 + O .?” Indirect: S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V + O . Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?” → He asked Mary “Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked → I asked Tan b. Wh – question Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux. V + S + V1 + O ?” Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + O. Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me. → He asked me EXERCISE 1. Julia said that she ___ there at noon. A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be 2. They asked me when ___ . A. did I arrive B. will I arrive C. I had arrived D. I can arrive 3. The farmer said, “ I didn’t see her.” > The farmer said ___ her. A. he had seen B. I hadn’t seen C. she didn’t see D. he hadn’t seen 4. Mr Brown said, “I watched TV last night.” -> Mr Brown said that he ___ TV the night before. A. was watching B. watched C. had watched D. has watched 5. The teacher said Columbus ___ America in 1492. A. discovered B. had discovered C. was discovering D. would discover 6. Mary said, “ I want to give up my job.” -> Mary said that 18
19. A. she wants to give up her job. C. she wanted to give up my job. B. I wanted to give up her job. D. she wanted to give up 7.Mary said ,”I have not seen Peter since last month .” A. Mary said she has not seen Peter since the previous month. B. Mary said she had not seen Peter since the previous month . C. Mary said she was not seen Peter since the previous month. D. Mary said she doesn’t see Peter since the previous month 8. “ I want to go on holiday but I don’t know where to go.” > Tom said that ___ A. he wanted to go on holiday but he doesn’t know where to go. B. he wants to go on holiday but he didn’t know where to go. C. he wanted to go on holiday but he didn’t know where to go. D. I wanted to go on holiday but I didn’t know where to go. 9. Mary said : “ What will you do this evening, John ?” A. Mary asked John what would he do that evening. B. Mary asked John what John did that evening. C. Mary wanted to know what she and John would do that evening. D. Mary wanted to know what John would do that evening. 10. He said to them, “Don't tell me such a nonsense!” A. He told them not to tell him such a nonsense. B. He told them to tell him such a nonsense. C. He told them not to tell them such a nonsense. D. He told them to tell them such a nonsense 11. “I don't know what Fred is doing," said my sister. A. My sister said that she didn't know what Fred was doing. B. My sister said she doesn't know what Fred is doing. C. My sister said that I don't know what Fred is doing. D. My sister said that she hasn't known what Fred was doing 12 . “I’ve been playing tennis a lot lately," John said. A. John said that I have been playing tennis a lot lately. B. John said that he has been playing tennis a lot lately. C. John said that he had been playing tennis a lot lately. D. John said that she had been playing tennis a lot lately. 13. The mother asked her son ___. A. where he has been B. where he had been C. where has he been D. where had he been 14) John said to Mary, “I will give you a new bike next summer.” John told 15) “I’m looking for the book you gave me last week,” Mary said to Peter. Mary told Peter 16) Tom said: “I must leave now.” Tom 17) "I will get myself a drink," she said. She said 18) "I cannot drive you home," he said to her. He said 19) "Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?" she said. She 20) "I will go to the movie with you," he said to me. He said 21) I asked him: “How do you go to school?” I ___ 22) “Why do you come home late,” James asked him. James 23) Henry said to his mother, “Come and spend a week with us.” Henry told 24) He said to me, “Keep a seat for me in the theatre.” He 25) Mike said to Henry, “Give me my book back, please.” 19
20. Mike 26) "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said. She 27) He said, "Don't go too far." He 28) "Don't make so much noise," he said. He 29) She said: “I won’t buy this car because it is too old.” ___ 30) They said: “We are doing the exercise now.” ___ 31) “Do you like classical music?” he asked me. ___ 32) Mary asked John: “Can you play the guitar?” ___ TAG QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi đuôi) 1. Quy tắc chung: - Câu nói và phần đuôi luôn ở dạng đối nhau câu nói khẳng định, đuôi phủ định? câu nói phủ định, đuôi khẳng định? Ex: The children are playing in the yard, aren’t they? They can’t swim, can they? - Chủ từ của câu nói là đại từ, ta lặp lại đại từ này Ex: She is a doctor, isn’t she? - Chủ từ là danh từ, ta dùng đại từ tương ứng thay thế Ex: People speak English all over the world, don’t they? - Đại từ bất định nothing, everything: được thay bằng “it” Ex: Everything is ready, isn’t it? - Các đại từ no one, nobody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody: được thay bằng “they” Ex: Someone called me last night, didn’t they? - Đại từ this / that được thay bằng “it”; these / those được thay bằng “they” Ex:That is his car, isn’t it? These are your new shoes, aren’t they? - “There” trong cấu trúc “there + be” được dùng lại ở phần đuôi Ex: There aren’t any students in the classroom, are there? - Câu nói có trợ động từ (will / can / shall / should / is / are ): trợ động từ được lặp lại ở phần đuôi Ex: You will come early, won’t you? - Câu nói không có trợ động từ: trợ động từ do / does / did được dùng ở phần đuôi Ex: It rained yesterday, didn’t it? She works in a restaurant, doesn’t she? - Câu nói có chứa các từ phủ định thì phần đuôi khẳng đ5nh Ex: He never comes late, does he? Note: Động từ trong phần đuôi ở phủ định thì luôn được viết ở dạng rút gọn. 2. Một số trường hợp đặc biệt: - Phần đuôi của I AM là AREN’T I Ex: I am writing a letter, aren’t I? - Phần đuôi của Let’s là SHALL WE Ex: Let’s go out tonight, shall we? - Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định: + dùng phần đuôi WON’T YOU để diễn tả lời mời + dùng phần đuôi WILL / WOULD / CAN / CAN’T YOU để diễn tả lời yêu cầu lịch sự Ex: Have a piece of cake, won’t you? Close the door, will you? - Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định: dùng phần đuôi WILL YOU để diễn tả lời yêu cầu lịch sự Ex: Please don’t smoke her, will you? 20
21. - Phần đuôi của ought to là SHOULDN’T Ex: She ought to do exercise every morning, shouldn’t she? EXERCISE 1. You’re going to school tomorrow, ___? 2. Daisy signed the petition, ___? 3. There’s an exam tomorrow, ___? 4. He will be attending the university in September, ___? 5. She’s been studying English foe two years, ___? 6. It doesn’t work, ___? 7. Let’s go fishing, ___? 8. Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, ___? 9. You will stay in touch, ___? 10. You didn’t know I was an artist, ___? 11. It is quite warm, ___? 12. We should call Rita, ___? A. should we B. shouldn’t we C. shall we D. should not we 13. Monkeys can’t sing, ___? A. can they B. can it C. can’t they D. can’t it 14. These books aren’t yours, ___? A. are these B. aren’t these C. are they D. aren’t they 15. That’s Bod’s, ___? A. is that B. isn’t it C. isn’t that D. is it 16. No one died in the accident, ___? A. did they B. didn’t they C. did he D. didn’t he 17. The air-hostess knows the time she has been here, ___? A. does she B. isn’t it C. doesn’t she D. did she 18. This is the second time she’s been here, ___? A. isn’t this B. isn’t it C. has she D. hasn’t she 19. They must do as they are told, ___? A. mustn’t they B. must they C. are they D. aren’t they 20. He hardly has anything nowadays, ___? A. hasn’t she B. has he C. doesn’t he D. does she 21. You’ve never been in Italy, ___? A. have you B. haven’t you C. been you D. had you 22. He never goes to school late, ___? 23. Let’s go somewhere for a drink, ___? 24. You don’t like coffee, ___? 25. Peter plays soccer very well, ___? INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS (To-inf và V-ing) 1. To-infinitive - Sau các động từ: Agre , appear, afford, ask, demand, expect, hesitate, intend, invite, want, wish, hope, promise, decide, tell, refuse, learn, fail (thất bại), plan, manage, pretend (giả vờ), remind, persuade, encourage, force, order, urge (thúc giục), seem, tend, threaten, - Trong các cấu trúc: + It takes / took + O + thời gian + to-inf + chỉ mục đích (để) + sau các từ hỏi: what, where, when, how, + It + be + adj + to-inf: thật để Ex: It is interesting to study English + S + be + adj + to-inf Ex: I’m happy to receive your latter. + S + V + too + adj / adv + to-inf + S + V + adj / adv + enough + to-inf + S + find / think / believe + it + adj + to-inf Ex: I find it difficult to learn English vocabulary. 21
22. - Sau các từ nghi vấn: what, who, which, when, where, how , (nhưng thường không dùng sau why) Ex: I don’t know what to say. * Note: - allow / permit/ advise / recommend + O + to-inf She allowed me to use her pen. - allow / permit / advise / recommend + V-ing She didn’t allow smoking in her room. 2. Bare infinitive (V1) Động từ nguyên mẫu không to được dùng: - Sau động từ khiếm khuyết: can, will, shall, could, would, - Sau các động từ: let, make, would rather, had better Ex: They made him repeat the whole story. - Help + to-inf / V1 / with Noun Ex: He usually helps his sister to do her homework. He usually helps his sister do her homework. He usually helps his sister with her homework. II. GERUND (V-ing) - Sau các động từ: enjoy, avoid, admit, appreciate (đánh giá cao), mind (quan tâm, ngại), finish, practice, suggest, postpone (hoãn lại), consider (xem xét), hate, admit (thừa nhận), like, love, deny (phủ nhận), detest (ghét), keep (tiếp tục), miss (bỏ lỡ), imagine (tưởng tượng), mention, risk, delay (trì hoãn), . - Sau các cụm động từ: cant’ help (không thể không), can’t bear / can’t stand (không thể chịu được), be used to, get used to, look forward to, it’s no use / it’s no good (không có ích lợi gì), be busy, be worth (đáng giá) - Sau giới từ: in, on, at, from, to, about - Sau các liên từ: after, before, when, while, since, Ex: You should lock the door when leaving your room. - S + spend / waste + time / money + V-ing Ex: I spent thirty minutes doing this exercise. III. INFINITIVE OR GERUND 1. Không thay đổi nghĩa: - begin / start / continue/ like / love + To-inf / V-ing Ex: It started to rain / raining. 2. Thay đổi nghĩa: + remember / forget / regret + V-ing: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc đã xảy ra rồi (trong quá khứ) + remember / forget / regret + to-inf: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc chưa, sắp xảy ra (trong tương lai) Ex: Don’t forget to turn off the light when you go to bed. I remember meeting you some where but I can’t know your name. Remember to send her some flowers because today is her birthday. + stop + V-ing: dừng hẳn việc gì + stop + to-inf: dừng để Ex: He stopped smoking because it is harmful for his health. On the way home, I stopped at the post office to buy a newspaper. + try + V-ing: thử + try + to-inf: cố gắng + need + V-ing = need + to be + V3: cần được (bị động) + need + to-inf: cần (chủ động) Ex: I need to wash my car. My car is very dirty. It needs washing / to be washed. + Cấu trúc nhờ vả: S + have + O người + V1 + O vật S + have + O vật + V3 + (by + O người) S + get + O người + to-inf + O vật S + get + O vật + V3 + (by + O người) EXERCISE 1. When will you finish (repair) ___ my car? 2. Don’t forget (do) ___ your homework. 3. Would you mind (buy) ___ me a newspaper? 4. I’m interested in (play) ___computer games. 5. My father likes (read) ___ newspapers before going to work. 22
23. 6. My grandfather is used to (get) ___ up early in the morning. 7. They are looking forward to our (visit) ___them. 8. He used to fall asleep without (take) ___ his shoes off. 9. My watch keeps (stop) ___. 10. I remember (meet) ___ you somewhere last month. 11. Why do you decide (choose) ___this book? 12. Would you like (come) ___to my party? 1. It takes me ten minutes ___to school every day. A. walking B. to walk C. walk D. walked 2. We expect him ___ tomorrow. A. arrive B. arriving C. to arrive D. will arrive 3. Would you mind not ___ the radio on until I’ve finished with this phone call? A. turning B. to turn C. being turned D. to be turned 4. Would you like ___to my birthday party? A. coming B. come C. came D. to come 5. I tried ___the bus, but I missed it. A. catch B. catching C. to catch D. caught 6. Everyday I spend two hours ___ speaking English. A. practise B. to practise C. practising D. practised 7. Tommy admitted ___ the rock through the window. A. throwing B. being throwing C. to throw D. to be thrown 8. He suggested ___ a double railway tunnel. A. to build B. built C. building D. that building 9. The children stopped ___ games when their mother came home. A. playing B. play C. to play D. played 10. I can’t go on ___ here any more. I want a different job. A. working B. to work C. work D. worked 11. My uncle has given up ___ for 3 years. A. to smoke B. smoking C. smoke D. smoked 12. Remember ___Lan a present because today is her birthday. A. send B. sending C. to send D. sent 13. We were allowed ___ photographs in this room. A. sell B. to sell C. selling D. sold 14. It’s not good to avoid ___ the teacher’s questions in class. A. answer B. answering C. answered D. to answer 15. Your house needs ___ . A. redecorate B. redecorating C. redecorated D. to redecorate 16. Please wait a minute. My boss is busy ___ something. A. to write B. write C. wrote D. writing 17. It is no good ___ sorry for yourself. A. to feel B. feeling C. feel D. felt 18. It took me a very long time recovering from the shock of her death. A B C D 19. Remember taking off your shoes when you are in a Japanese house. A B C D 20. My parents permitted me going out at weekends. A B C D 21. Money is used to buying food and clothes. A BC D 22. He often lets me to use his mobile phone. A B C ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS (Tính từ và trạng từ) 1. Tính từ: - Đứng trước danh từ: adj + N - Sau động từ to be 23
24. - Sau các động từ liên kết như: become, get, feel, look, seem, taste, smell, sound, - Sau các đại từ bất định: something, anything, everything, nothing, somebody, someone, anybody, anything, - Trước enough - Trong cấu trúc so + adj + that 2. Trạng từ: - Đứng sau động từ thường - be + adv + V3/-ed Note: trạng từ well đứng sau độn từ to be để chỉ sức khỏe - Một số từ vừa là tính từ, vừa là trạng từ: fast (nhanh), hard, early, late (trễ) 3. Tính từ + Mệnh đề Một số tính từ chỉ cảm giác như: glad, happy, pleased, delighted, excited, sorry, disappointed, amazed, có thể có một mệnh đề theo sau Ex: We are happy that you won the scholarship. Adj ADVERB CLAUSES OF REASON (Mệnh đề chỉ lý do) 1. Mệnh đề chỉ lý do: Because / As / Since + S + V 2. Cụm từ chỉ lý do Because of / Due to + V-ing / Noun 3. Cách rút gọn mệnh đề lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do a. . because + đại từ + be + adj . → because of + tính từ sở hữu + N b. because + N + be + adj → because of + the + adj + N c. . because + S + V + O → because of + V-ing + O (2chủ từ phải giống nhau) 4. Một số tính từ, danh từ thông dụng - lazy (a) laziness (n) - poor (a) poverty (n) - happy (a) happiness (n) - dark (a) darkness (n) - intelligent (a) intelligence (n) - old (a) age (n) CONNECTIVES (Từ nối) 1. and (và): dùng để thêm thông tin bổ sung 2. or (hoặc): diễn tả sự lựa chọn 3. but (nhưng): nối hai ý tương phản nhau 4. so (vì thế, do đó): diễn tả hậu quả 5. therefore (vì thế, do đó): đồng nghĩa với so, chỉ hậu quả 6. however (tuy nhiên): diễn tả sự tương phản, đồng nghĩa với but EXERCISE 1. He drives very (careful / carefully) 2. She was (unhappy / unhappily) because of her bad result. 3. They speak English quite (good / well) 4. You look (terrible / terribly). Are you all right? 5. She sings very (beautiful / beautifully) 6. Be (careful / carefully)! The teacher is looking at you. 7. It is an (interesting / interestingly) film. Rewrite sentences using “BECAUSE”, “AND”, “BUT”, “SO”, “OR”, 8. He left school because of his hard life. 24
25. 9. It was very dark. I couldn’t see anything. 10. He couln’t meet you. He is very busy. 11. She was sick. She went to bed early. 12. She can’t work hard because of her age. 13. Tom is sick. He must go to school today. 14. You must study harder. You will go into another class. 15. The air in the countryside is very fresh. People like to live there. PHRASAL VERBS (Động từ kép) - Động từ kép là động từ được cấu tạo bởi một động từ với một tiểu từ hay một giới từ hay cả tiểu từ và giới từ. 1. Một số động từ kép thường gặp: - turn on: bật, mở - turn off: tắt - turn down: vặn nhỏ - turn up vặn lớn - look for tìm kiếm - look after chăm sóc = take care of - go on tiếp tục = continue - give up từ bỏ = stop - try on mặc thử - put on mặc vào - wait for chờ, đợi - depend on dựa vào - escape from thoát khỏi - go out đi chơi - go away đi xa - lie down nằm xuống - come back quay về - throw away quăng, ném - take off cất cánh, tháo ra - break down hư hỏng - run out (of) cạn kiệt 2. Một số tính từ có giới từ đi kèm: - interested in thích, quan tâm - bored with chán - fond of thích thú - afraid of sợ - full of đầy ấp, nhiều - capable of có khả năng - next to kế bên - accustomed to quen với - famous for nổi tiếng về - sorry for lấy làm tiếc - late for trễ - good at giỏi về - surprised at ngạc nhiên về - popular with phổ biến với - busy with bận rộn - worry about lo lắng về - succeed in thành công - different from khác với - belong to thuộc về - borrow from mượn từ - It’s very kind of you to-inf bạn thật tốt bụng khi . - good for / bad for tốt / xấu cho 1. Do you want to stop in this town, or shall we ___? A. turn on B. turn off C. go on D. look after 2. Who will ___ the children while you go out to work? A. look for B. look up C. look after D. look at 3. Please ___ the light, it’s getting dark here. A. turn on B. turn off C. turn over D. turn into 4. The nurse has to ___ the patients at the midnight. A. look after B. look up C. look at C. look for 5. There is an inflation. The prices ___. A. are going on B. are going down C. are going over D. are going up 6. Remember to ___ your shoes when you are in a Japanese house. A. take care B. take on C. take over D. take off 7. You can ___ the new words in the dictionary. A. look for B. look after C. look up D. look at 8. It’s cold outside. ___ your coat. A. Put on B. Put down C. Put off D. Put into 9. 15.If you want to be healthy, you should___ your bad habits in your lifestyles. A give up B call off C break down D get over 10. “Please turn up the radio, I can’t concentrate on my work” A B C D 11. You can look ___ these new words in the dictionary if you don't know their meanings. A. up B. after C. for D. out 12. We give each other presents . Christmas. 25
26. 13. Don’t sit . the floor. 14. I’m going away . the end of January. 15. I’m not going out yet. I’m waiting .the rain to stop. A. for B. away C. from D. up 16. I look stupid with this haircut. Everyone will laugh .me. A. in B. at C. into D. away 17. Tom has gone to France .holiday. A. on B. over C. for D. down 18. Are you interested .art and architecture. A. from B. for C. up D. in 19. Mary is very fond .animals. She has three cats and two dogs. A. about B. since C. of D. between 20. He was proud .himself for not giving up. A. of B. during C. after D. under 21. Remember to turn the light before you go to bed. 22. You should take your shoes when you go into a temple. 23. I want to turn the radio to hear the news. 24. I lost my pen. I have looked it all morning. 15. She stays at home because she has to look .her baby. MAKING SUGGESTIONS (Đưa ra lời đề nghị) * Các mẫu câu đề nghị: - Let’s + V1: - Shall we + V1 ? - How about / What about + V-ing .? - Why don’t we + V1 .? Để trả lời cho câu đề nghị ta dùng: - Đồng ý: + Yes, let’s. + OK. Good idea. + Great. Go ahead. + Sounds interesting. + That’s a good idea. + All right. - Từ chối / Không đồng ý: + No, let’s not. + I don’t think it’s a good idea. + No. Why don’t we + V1 .? + No. I don’t want to. + I prefer to . * Câu đề nghị với động từ suggest: S + suggest + V-ing . S + suggest + that + S + should + V1 (từ that không được bỏ) S + suggest + that + S + shouldn’t + V1 EXERCISE 1. He uses plastic bags to wrap food. - I suggest ___ 2. Why don’t we go for a walk? - He suggested ___ 3. His motorbike uses too much gas. - I suggest ___ 4. There are many cracks in your bikes. - I suggest ___ 5. Let’s have some drink. - I suggest ___ 26
27. RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ) * Đại từ quan hệ: 1. WHO: chủ từ, chỉ người N (người) + WHO + V + O . 2. WHOM: - làm túc từ, chỉ người N (người) + WHOM + S + V 3. WHICH: - làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ, chỉ vật .N (thing) + WHICH + V + O .N (thing) + WHICH + S + V 4. THAT: - có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định * Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”: - khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất - khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last - khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none. - khi danh từ đi trước bao gồm cả người và vật * Các trường hợp không dùng that: - trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định - sau giới từ 5. WHOSE: dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật, thường thay cho các từ: her, his, their, hoặc hình thức ‘s N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V . 6. WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason. N (reason) + WHY + S + V 7. WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there .N (place) + WHERE + S + V . (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) 8. WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then .N (time) + WHEN + S + V (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) * Mệnh đề quan hệ 1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định: dùng khi danh từ không xác định, không có dấu phẩy ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính. 2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định: dùng khi danh từ xác định, có dấu phẩy ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính. 1) I couldn't remember the time ___ there was no internet. A. what B. who C. which D. when 2) The restaurant ___ we had our dinner was the most expensive in this city. A. where B. which C. when D. that 3) The top model about ___ I was telling you is on TV now. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 4) Are you the student ___ mother called me yesterday? A. whose B. who C. that D. when 5) Mary, ___ has only been in Japan for 3 months, speaks Japanese perfectly. A. that B. whom C. which D. who 27
28. 6) Who is your daughter? She is the child ___ has long, straight hair. A. whose B. who C. which D. when 7) I don't think my ex-girl friend will remember the day ___ we saw each other for the first time. A. which B. on which C. at which D. why 8) August is the month ___ I always give my birthday parties. A. which B. in which C. what D. why 9) The purse ___ she had lost last week was found yesterday. A. which B. what C. whose D. whom 10) The old lady ___ we were travelling told us her life story. A. of whom B. with whom C. whose D. whom 11) She says the exam, ___ she took yesterday, was full of hard questions. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 12) I called my cousin, ___ is a mechanic, to fix my car, ___ was broken. A. who/ which B. that/ all of which C. who/ all of which D. who/ what 13) My only blue tie, ___ Richard wants to wear, is really an expensive one. A. that B. whose C. which D. whom 14) This is the village ___ my family and I lived for six years. A. in which B. that C. on which D. in where 15) She is a famous actress ___ everybody admires. A. to whom B. whom C. to which D. of whom 16) The food ___ I like best of all is pie alamode. A. who B. whose C. whom D. that 17) Justine, ___ parents live in Christchurch, has gone to Southampton. A. whom B. which C. to whom D. whose 18) The old building ___ was behind the local church fell down. A. of which B. which C. whose D. whom 19. That is the man who he told me the bad news. A B C D 20. I don’t know the reason on when Jonathan was sacked. A B C D 21. The man whom helped you yesterday is a television reporter. A B C D 22. What is the name of the girl whom has just come in? A B C D 23. Do you know the reason when Englishmen travel on the left side of the streets? A B C D 24. I’ll never forget the day. I met you on that day. 25. The town was small. I grew up there. 26. 1960 was the year. The revolution took place in that year. 27. I apologized to the woman. I spilled her coffee. 28. They’re the postcards. They arrived yesterday. 29. The children sang aloud all night. This kept their parents awake. 30. Maria is studying in New York City. The city is called the “ Big Apple”. ___ ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ) 1. Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ: Although / Even though / Though + S + V, S + V + O: mặc dù 2. Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ: Despite / in spite of + V-ing / Noun phrase: mặc dù 28
29. 3. Rút gọn mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ thành cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ: a. Though / although + đại từ + be + adj. → Despite / In spite of + tính từ sở hữu + N b. Though / although + N + be + adj. Despite / in spite of + the + adj. + N c. Though / although + S + V + O Despite / in spite of + V-ing + O (2 chủ từ phải giống nhau) EXERCISE Rewrite sentences using “ALTHOUGH”, “DESPITE”, “IN SPITE OF” 1. She didn’t eat much. She was hungry. 2. The plane took off. The weather was bad. 3. He is very strong. I’m not afraid of him. 4. We could do the test. It was very difficult. 5. Although it got dard, they continue to work. 6. She works very hard although she is old. 7. Despite the bad weather, we went out. 8. Though she is poor, she lived very happily. MODALS (Động từ khiếm khuyết) 1. May / might KĐ: May / Might + V1: PĐ : May / Might not + V1: diễn tả - sự suy đoán (không chắc chắn) - sự xin phép, cho phép 2. Must / mustn’t Must +V1: (phải), diễn tả điều bắt buộc (có tính chủ quan) Mustn’t + V1: (không được), diễn tả một sự cấm đoán. 3. have to + V1: phải, (có tính khách quan) Note: Quá khứ của have to là had to + V1 Phủ định của have to là don’t / doesn’t / didn’t have to + V1 4. should + V1 = ought to + V1: nên CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF RESULT (Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ kết quả) 1. Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả: a. so .that (quá đến nỗi) S+ be + so + adj. + that + S + V S+ V thường + so + adv. + that + S + V a. such . that (quá đến nỗi) S+ V + such (a/an) + N + that + S + V 2. Cụm từ chỉ kết quả: a. enough .to (đủ để có thể) S + be + adj. + enough (for O) + to-inf. (dùng for+ O khi 2 chủ từ khác nhau) S + V thường + adv. + enough (for O) + to-inf. S + V + enough + N + to-inf. b. too .to (quá .không thể) S + be (look / seem / become / get) + too + adj. (for O) + to-inf. S + V thường + too + adv. (for O) + to-inf. 29
30. COMPARISONS (So sánh) 1. So sánh bằng: S + be + as + adj. + as + . S + V thường + as + adv. + as+ . 2. So sánh hơn: a. Tính từ / Trạng từ ngắn: S + V + adj. / adv. + ER + THAN + b. Tính từ / Trạng từ dài: S + V + MORE + adj. / adv. + THAN + 3. So sánh nhất: a. Tính từ / Trạng từ ngắn: S + V + THE + adj. / adv. + EST + b. Tính từ / Trạng từ dài: S + V + THE MOST + adj. / adv. + 4. Một số tính từ, trạng từ bất qui tắc Good / well better the best Bad / badly worse the worst Far further the furthest farther the farthest Much / many more the most Little less the least Few fewer the fewest Happy happier the happiest Lazy lazier laziest Clever cleverer the cleverest Narrow narrower the narrowest EXERCISE 1. Mr. Brown receives a salary than anyone else in the company. A. bigB. more bigger C. biggerD. the bigger 2. My young brother grew very quickly and soon he was my mother. A. more big than B. so big than C. as big asD. too big than 3. He is not tall as his father. A. the B. as C. than D. more 4. John’s grades are than his sister’s. A. higherB. more high C. highD. the highest 5. Deana is the of the three sisters. A. most shortB. shorter C. shortest D. more short 6. She speaks English as . as her friend does. A. good B. well C. better D. the best 7. Of the three shirts, this one is the . A. prettierB. most prettiest C. prettiest D. most pretty 8. The baby’s illness is than we thought at first. A. bad B. worst C. worse D. badly 9. Today is the day of the month. A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. hottest than 10 He works more than I. A. slow B. slowly C. slowestD. most slowly 11. My book is as . as yours. A. good B. well C. betterD. the best 12. I love you than I can say. A. much B. many C. more D. the most 13. It’s to go by bus than by car. A. cheaper B. cheapest C. more cheap D. more cheaper 14. That house is one on the street. A. oldest B. the oldest C. old D. older 15. I can't cook as well as my mother does. 30
31. A. My mother can cook better than I can. B. My mother can't cook better than I can. C. My mother can cook well than I can. D. I can cook better than my mother can. 16. My interview lasted longer than yours. A. Your interview wasn’t as short as mine. B. Your interview was shorter than mine. C. Your interview was as long as mine. D. Your interview was longer than mine. TỪ CHỈ SỐ LƯỢNG - many + N đếm được số nhiều: nhiều - much + N không đếm được: nhiều - few + N đếm được số nhiều: ít (không đủ để dùng) - a few + N đếm được số nhiều: ít (đủ để dùng) - some + N đếm được, không đếm được: một vài, một ít - a lot of + N đếm được, không đếm được: nhiều - little + N không đếm được: ít (không đủ để dùng) - a little + N không đếm được: ít (đủ để dùng) HIỆN TẠI PHÂN TỪ VÀ QUÁ KHỨ PHÂN TỪ (-ing and –ed participles) - Hiện tại phân từ: thường dùng miêu tả vật, mang ý chủ động - Quá khứ phân từ thường dùng miêu tả người, mang ý bị động * Một số hiện tại phân từ và quá khứ phân từ thường gặp Ex: suprise surprising surprised ngạc nhiên 1. bore boring bored chán, dở 2. excite exciting excited hào hứng, phấn khởi 3. interest interesting interested thú vị, hứng thú 4. amuse amusing amused buồn cười, vui nhộn 5. disappoint disappointing disappointed thất vọng 6. tire tiring tired mệt mỏi MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC KHÁC 1. Lối nói phụ họa: a. Đồng ý theo một câu khẳng định, dùng: - S + V trợ + too. - So + V trợ + S. b. Đồng ý theo câu phủ định, dùng: - S + V trợ (phủ định) + either. - Neither + V trợ (khẳng định) + S. 2. Would you mind / Do you mind + V-ing .? Do you mind if I + V (Hiện tại đơn) .? Would you mind if I + V (Quá khứ đơn) .? 3. Đổi thì quá khứ đơn sang hiện tại hoàn thành S + last + V quá khứ đơn + thời gian + ago. - S + V hiện tại hoàn thành (phủ định) + for + thời gian - It’s + thời gian + since + S + last + V quá khứ đơn. - The last time + S + V quá khứ đơn + was + thời gian + ago. Ex: I last went to Dalat nine years ago. - I - It - The This is the first time + S + HTHT khẳng định - S + HTHT never + before Ex: This is the first time I have visited Hanoi. - I 4. used to 31
32. KĐ: S + used to + V1 (đã từng) PĐ: S + didn’t use to + V1 (không từng) NV: Did + S + use to + V1 ? (có từng .không) 5. be used to / get used to + V-ing: quen với 6. It takes / took + O + time + to-inf . 7. S người + spend + time + V-ing 8. It is + adj. + to-inf → V-ing + be + adj. : thật để . 9. Cụm từ chỉ mục đích: S + V + to / in order to / so as to + V1: để S + V + in order not to / so as not to + V1: để không EXERCISE 1. It’s 2 years since I saw him. I haven’t 2. Hung is busy. Hung wishes 3. Her daughter cannot speak English. She wishes 4. The weather is too cold, so we can’t go swimming. If 5. I can’t buy the house because it is too expensive. If 6. Mary asked, “Tom, who will open the box for me?” Mary 7. The teacher asked him, “Do you think before you answer?” The teacher 8. He said to me, “ Shut the door” He 9. The guide said to us, “Don’t touch this picture.” The guide 10. She sings beautifully. She is 11. We run fast. We are 12. He is a good dancer. He 13. She is a slow worker. She 14. Mary will come. Peter will be happy. If Mary 15. The teacher will correct it. We will understand it. If 16. Ronaldo wins the gold ball of FIFA. The gold ball 17. Mr. Hung keeps a large collection of medals. A large 18. The principle bought many teaching aids for our school. Many teaching aids 19. Minh Quang caught the ball easily. The ball 20. They have just held an English workshop. An English workshop 21.Let’s have a picnic. What do you think about . . .? 22. What do you think about traveling to Dalat? 32
33. I think we should . 23. He likes to go for a walk. He enjoys 24. I love to watch TV. I am interested in 25. We started playing volleyball 2 months ago. We have 26. It’s important to protect the environment. Protecting 27. He studies hard because he want to get a scholarship. He studies hard in 28. I spent two hours doing this exercise. It took me PRONUNCIATION I. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM -S/-ES - Có 3 cách phát âm –s hoặc –es tận cùng. * đọc thành âm /iz/ với những từ có âm cuối là / s, z, ∫, t∫, d / * đọc thành âm /s/ với những từ có âm cuối là / p, t, k, f, θ / * đọc thành âm /z/ với những trường hợp còn lại II. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM –ED - Có 3 cách phát âm –ed tận cùng. * đọc thành âm /id/ với những từ có âm cuối là / t, d / * đọc thành âm /t/ với những từ có âm cuối là /p, f, k, s, ∫, t∫, θ / * đọc thành âm /d/ với những trường hợp còn lại III. TRỌNG ÂM - Danh từ tận cùng –OO hay –OON: trọng âm đặt trên vần này Ex: after’noon, bam’boo, bal’loon - Những từ có hậu tố là: -ade, -ee, -ese, -ette, -ique, -eer, -ain thì trọng âm chính rơi vào ngay âm tiết đó Ex: lemo’nade, ciga’rette, Vietna’mese, - Âm tiết liền trước các hậu tố -tion, -ical, -ual, -ian, -ical, -ity, -graphy, -ics, -logy thường nhận trọng âm Ex:, trans’lation, eco’nomic, uni’versity, poli’tician, soci’ology, mathe’matics - Đặt ở âm thứ 2 trước các hậu tố -ize, -ary Ex: ‘modernize, ‘dictionary, i’maginary EXERCISE 1. A. hopedB. laughedC. markedD. smiled 2. A. watched B. washed C. stopped D. earned 3. A. books B. roofs C. woods D. boots 4. A. excite B. wish C. smile D. ripe 5. A. bicycle B. style C. type D. cycle 6. A. watched B. stopped C. cleaned D. worked 7. A. their B. thank C. that D. they 8. A. house B. home C. holiday D. hour 9 A. nice B. drive C. advise D. live 10. A. dangerous B. play C. paper D. garden 11. A. shops B. notes C. calls D. walks 12. A. changed B. learned C. laughed D. played 13. A. chair B. chin C. chemical D. check 14. A. too B. food C. soon D. good 15. A. that B. three C. thank D. think 16. A. allows B. bets C. pours D. tells 17. A. cheap B. lunch C. machine D. armchair 18. A. added B. boasted C. closed D. tented 19. A. that B. this C. think D. mother 20. A. would B. south C. count D. mouth 21. A. claimed B. walked C. laughed D. helped 22. A. character B. christmas C. chemistry D. change 33
34. 23. A. ghost B. honest C. home D. hour 24. A. stays B. plays C. lays D. says 25. A. boxes B. washes C. watches D. goes 26. A. compulsory B. casual C. comprise D. impress 27. A. charity B. benefit C. pesticide D. computer 28 A. considerate B. distinguish C. predict D. sticky 29. A. economic B. embroider C. encourage D. minority 30 A. family B. afternoon C. damage D. carriage THÀNH LẬP TỪ, TỪ LOẠI 1. Cách nhận biết từ loại: a. Cánh nhận biết danh từ: danh từ thường có các hậu tố sau: - tion / ation invention, information -ment development, instrument - ence / ance difference, importance - ness happiness, business - er (chỉ người) teacher, worker, writer, singer - or (chỉ người) inventor, actor - ist (chỉ người) physicist, biologist b. Cánh nhận biết tính từ: tính từ thường có các hậu tố sau: - ful useful, helpful, beautiful - less (nghĩa phủ định) homeless, careless (noun) - al (thuộc về) natural, agricultural - ous dangerous, famous - ive expensive, active - ic electric, economic - able fashionable, comfortable c . Cánh nhận biết trạng từ: trạng từ thường có hậu tố -LY. Ex: beautifully, carefully, suddenly, carelessly, recently Lưu ý: Một số trạng từ đặc biệt cần ghi nhớ: - good (a) well (adv): giỏi, tốt - late (a) late trễ, chậm lately (adv): mới đây, gần đây - ill (a) ill (adv): xấu, tồi, kém - fast (a) fast (adv): nhanh - hard (a) hard (adv): tích cực, vất vả, chăm chỉ hardly (adv): hầu như không 2. Chức năng của một số từ loại: a. Danh từ (Noun) Sau tính từ (adj + N) They are interesting books. Sau - mạo từ: a /an / the He is a student. - từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those, every, each, These flowers are beautiful. - từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, little, several She needs some water. - tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their, its Sau ngoại động từ (V cần O) She buys books. She meets a lot of people. Sau giới từ (prep. + N) He talked about the story yesterday. He is interested in music. Trước V chia thì (N làm chủ từ) The main has just arrived. Sau enough (enough + N) I don’t have enough money to buy that house. b. Tính từ (Adj) Trước N (Adj + N) This is an interesting books. Sau TO BE I am tired. Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem It becomes hot. She feels sad. Sau trạng từ (adv + adj) It is extremely cold. 34
35. I’m terribly sorry. She is very beautiful. Sau too ( be + too + adj) That house is too small. Trước enough (be + adj + enough) The house isn’t large enough. Trong cấu trúc: be + so + adj + that She was so angry that she can’t speak. A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my, + (Adj) + My new car is blue. Noun c. Trạng từ (Adv) Sau V thường He drove carefully. Trước Adj I meet an extremely handsome man. Giữa cụm động từ (Have + V3 / be + V3) She has already finished the job. Đầu câu hoặc trước dấu phẩy Unfortunately, I couldn’t come the party. Sau too V + too + adv They walked too slowly to catch the bus. Trong cấu trúc V + so + adv + that Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident. Trước enough V + adv + enough You should write clearly enough for every body to read. EXERCISE Give the correct form of the word in brackets: 1. Na is the most in her class. (beauty) 2. She was really by the beauty of the city. (impress) 3. Hanoi people are very . (friend) 4. Their made me happy. (friend) 5. Many come to Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum every day. (visit) 6. We enjoyed the atmosphere in Hue. (peace) 7. Ho Chi Minh City is not from Kuala Lumpur. (difference) 8. The language in Malaysia is Bahasa Malaysia. (nation) 9. In Malaysia, is free. (educate) 10. What is the main language of at that school ? (instruct) 11. English is the language in Singapore. (office) 12. Like Vietnam, Malaysia has climate. (tropic) 13. The little girl is dancing (beauty) 14. English people get used to (drive) I5. Watch the news everyday because it's very (inform ) 16. Many Vietnamese women continue to wear the unique and . dress. (fashion) 17. We had an trip last week. (enjoy) 18. He is a famous .because he has many good (poetry) 19. She is a .of this company. (design) 20. Wearing casual clothes make students feel . (comfort) 35