Các loại câu tường thuật cơ bản trong Tiếng Anh

Nội dung text: Các loại câu tường thuật cơ bản trong Tiếng Anh

1. Các loại câu tường thuật cơ bản trong tiếng anh • Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu kể S + say(s)/said + (that) + S + V *says/say to + O -> tells/tell + O * said to + O ->told+O Eg: He said to me”I haven’t finished my work” -> He told me he hadn’t finished his work. • Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu hỏi a.Yes/No questions: S+asked/wanted to know/wondered+if/wether+S+V Ex: ”Are you angry?”he asked -> He asked if/whether I was angry. (Chuyển câu hỏi ở câu trực tiếp sang dạng khẳng định rồi thực hiện thay đổi thì,trạng từ chỉ thời gian,nơi chốn,chủ ngữ,tân ngữ ) b.Wh-questions: S + asked(+O)/wanted to know/wondered + Wh-words + S + V. * says/say to + O -> asks/ask + O * said to + O -> asked + O. Ex: ”What are you talking about?”said the teacher. -> The teacher asked us what we were talking about. • Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu mệnh lệnh *Khẳng định: S + told + O + to-infinitive. Ex: ”Please wait for me here, Mary. ”Tom said -> Tom told Mary to wait for him there. *Phủ định: S + told + O + not to-infinitive. Ex: ”Don’t talk in class”,the teacher said to us. >The teacher told us not to talk in class. *Reporting verbs: - agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse + to-infinitive - advise, ask, encourage, invite, remind, tell, want, warn + O + to infinitive - admit(thừa nhận), deny(phủ nhận), stop, suggest +-ing form) - accuse + O + of + V_ing: buộc tội ai- Suspect + + of + .: nghi ngờ ai làm gì - Congratulate + + on + .: chúc mừng ai đạt điều gì - Blame + . + for + : trách ai làm điều gì - Thank + . + for + .: cám ơn ai làm điều gì - Prevent + + from + .: ngăn ai làm việc gì • Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu điều kiện ở lời nói gián tiếp: 1
2. a.Điều kiện có thật, có thể xảy ra (đk loại 1): - Chúng ta áp dụng quy tắc chung của lời nói gián tiếp (lùi thì) Ex: He said,”If I have much money, I’ll travel around the world.” -> He said (that) If he had much money, he would travel around the world. b.Điều kiện không có thật/giả sử (đk loại 2, loại 3): - Chúng ta giữ nguyên,không đổi. Ex: ”If I had two wings, I would fly everywhere”,he said -> He said If he had two wings, he would fly everywhere. Một số trường hợp khác cầ lưu ý khi sử dụng câu tường thuật * Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa đề nghị làm gì cho ai ta sử dụng cấu trúc: - offer to do st: Ví dụ: - He said “Shall I make you a cup of coffee?” -> He offered to make me a cup of coffee. *Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa khuyên bảo ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau: - advise sb to do st: khuyên ai đó nên làm gì. Ví dụ: - He said to me “You should go to bed early”. -> He advised me to go to bed early. * Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa mời mọc ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau: - invite sb to do st Ví dụ: - My friend said “Will you go the zoo with me?” -> My friend friend invited me to go to the zoo with her. * Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu cảm thán ta sử dụng động từ “exclaim” Ví dụ: - She said “What an intelligent boy!” -> She exclaimed that the boy was intelligent. * Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa xin lỗi ta sử dụng cấu trúc: - apologize (to sb) for st/ for doing st: xin lỗi (ai) về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì Ví dụ: - She said "I'm sorry. I'm late." -> She apologized for being late. * Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa nhắc nhở ta sử dụng cấu trúc: - remind sb to do st: Nhắc nhở ai làm gì Ví dụ: - My mother said "Don't forget to bring your umbrella. - My mother reminded me to bring my umbrella. * Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa buộc tội ai đó ta sử dụng cấu trúc: - accuse sb of st/ doing st: Buộc tội ai về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì Ví dụ: - She said "No one else but you did it." -> She accused me of doing it. Cách tường thuật chuyển từ câu nói trực tiếp sang câu nói gián tiếp Ta cần phân tích cấu trúc của câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp qua các ví dụ sau: - My mother said “I want you to study harder.” (Mẹ tôi nói “Mẹ muốn con học hành chăm chỉ hơn.) Ta có: - Động từ “said” được gọi là “Động từ giới thiệu” 2
3. - Động từ “want” là động từ chính trong câu trực tiếp. - “I” là chủ ngữ trong câu trực tiếp - “you” là tân ngữ trong câu trực tiếp - My mother said / told me that she wanted me to study harder. (Mẹ tôi nó bà ấy muốn tôi học hành chăm chỉ hơn) Ta thấy các thành phần như “động từ giới thiệu”, động từ chính, các đại từ (I/you/ ) trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp đều phải biến đổi. Vậy những thành phần nào cần biến đổi, và biến đổi như thế nào, ta sẽ đi vào từng loại câu cụ thể. Các thành phần cần biến đổi trong câu gián tiếp: * Các đại từ: Ta cần thay đổi đại từ sao cho phù hợp với ngữ cảnh trong câu * Thay đổi thì của câu: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp Hiện tại đơn -> Quá khứ đơn Hiện tại tiếp diễn -> Quá khứ tiếp diễn Hiện tại hoàn thành -> Quá khứ hoàn thành Quá khứ đơn -> Quá khứ hoàn thành Quá khứ tiếp diễn -> Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn Tương lai đơn: will/ shall -> would/ should Tương lai gần: be going to -> was/were going to * Thay đổi một số động từ khuyết thiếu: Trực tiếp Gián tiếp can could will would shall should must had to may might * Thay đổi Đại từ Các đại từ nhân xưng và đại sở hữu khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi như bảng sau: Đại từ Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp Đại từ nhân I he/she xưng we they you they/I/he/her me him/her 3
4. us them you them/me/him/her Đại từ sở hữu my her/his our their your them/my/his/her mine his/hers ours theirs yours theirs/mine/his/hers Đại từ chỉ định this that these those * Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian: Trực tiếp Gián tiếp HereNow Today Ago ThereThen That day Before The next day / the Tomorrow The day after following day In two day’s time / two days after tomorrow Yesterday The day The day before / the previous day Two day before yesterday Next week before The following week The previous week / Last week Last year the week before The previous year / the year before 4
5. Bài tập câu tường thuật Bài 1. Rewrite following sentences so that the meaning stay the same. 1.”If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this car” -> He advised 2.”Shall I carry your suicase, Lan?”said Nam. -> Nam offered 3.”Yes, all right, I’ll share the food with you, Dave.” -> Ann agreed 4.”Sue, can you remember to buy some bread?” -> Paul reminded 5.”Don’t touch anything in this room”, the man said to the children. -> The man ordered 6.”I must go home to make the dinner”, said Mary. -> Mary 7.”Are you going to Ho Chi Minh City next week?” Tom asked me. -> Tom asked 8.”Have you finished your homework?” Mom asked. -> Mom asked if 9. She said to me:”I can’t do it by myself” -> She told me that 10.”Does your brother live in London, Nam?” Lan asked. -> Lan wanted to know if 11.”Don’t repeat this mistake again.” his father warned him. -> His father warned him 12.”Give me a smile,” The photographer said to me. -> The 13.”Don’t leave these book on the table”, the librarian said to the students -> The librarian told the students 14.”Have you travelled abroad much?” he asked me. -> He 15.”Who has written this note?” the boss asked the secretary. -> The boss asked 16.”I have just received a postcard from my sister,” my friend said to me. -> My friend told me 5
6. 17.”This story happened long ago” he said. -> He said Câu 2 1 "Don't repeat this mistake again!" the instructor warned the sportsman. 2 "Leave your address with the secretary," the assistant said to me. 3 "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow” the manager said to the client. 4 "Don't be so silly," the father said to the kid. 5 "Give a smile," the photographer said to me. 6 "Please, help me to make a decision," Ann asked her friend 7 "Don't leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf," the librarian said to the student. 8 "Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes," the nurse said to the child. 9 "Leave your things here," my companion advised me. 10 "Don't discuss this question now," said the chairman to the participants. Câu 3. 1 "Will it be safe to stay in the mountains for the night if the weather doesn't change for the better?" we asked the guide. 2 The porter said to me, "I'll wake you up, when the train arrives in Leeds." 3 My wife said to me: "While you are away, I'll do the packing." 4 "Don't leave until I phone you," he asked me. 5 "After he leaves hospital, they'll take him to the South," the doctor said. 6
7. 6 "They'll wait for the fisherman to return until it gets dark," the local man explained to me. 7 As soon as I hear from him, I'll let you know," my neighbor said to me. 8 I’ll live in town till my husband returns from the expedition and when he returns, we'll go to the seaside together," she said. 9 The mother said to her son,”Sit still, please." 10 John said to his friend, "Come and spend a week with us." Câu 4. 1 "Have you travelled abroad much?" he asked me. 2 "Who has written this note?" the boss asked the secretary. 3 "I've just received a postcard from my sister," my friend said to me. 4 "The students also took part in arranging the conference," the chairman said. 5 "Have you been here long?" the stranger asked me. 6 "Did you really see this happen with your own eyes?" the policeman asked the boy. 7 "I hope they will have taken a decision by the end of the meeting," she remarked. 8 "Did you watch the detective film on TV yesterday?" he asked her. 9 "This story happened long ago," he said, "and few people remember anything about it.” 10 "I haven't read so interesting a book since I don't remember when," she said. Câu 5. 1 Tom said to the girl: "When did you have this picture taken?" 2 "Shall we go somewhere for a cup of coffee after class?" Tom said. 7
8. 3 John said to Mary, "Why don't you wear your hair a little longer." 4 "Would you like another cup of tea?" the landlady said to the guest. 5 My sister said to me, "What about going to see Aunt Mary on Sunday?" 6 She asked me, "Have you ever seen a flying saucer?" 7 James said: "Do you want me to type this letter for you?" 8 Alfred said to John, "I didn't use your cassette player! Someone else did, not me." 9 Father said, "I was the superintendent while this school was being built." 10 The woman said, "If I had a gas stove, it would save me a lot of time." Câu 6. 1 Jane said to Bill, “When do you expect to finish your assignment?" 2 The man said to the boy: "Can you show me the way to the bank?" 3 Fred asked the postman: "Are there any letters for me today?" 4 Henry said to the librarian, "How many books can I borrow at a time?" 5 John asked his friend, "How did you manage to know my phone number?" 6 “These old buildings might have already disappeared by the time I am back next year?" he said 7 The boys said to the old woman: "What can we do to help you?" 8 The guests said to the doorman: "Where should we leave our coats?" 9 Tom asked his brother: "Why did you advise them to go sight-seeing on foot?" 10 I asked the children: "Who took away the magazines from my desk?" 8