Bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 10 - Unit 7: Cultural diversity - Thấm Tâm Vy

Nội dung text: Bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 10 - Unit 7: Cultural diversity - Thấm Tâm Vy

1. ENGLISH 10 - UNIT 7 – CULTURAL DIVERSITY 21. In the UK, 18-year-olds tend to receive a silver key as a present to their entry into I. Mark the letterA, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs the adult world. from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions. A. symbol B. symbolic C. symbolize D. symbolist 1. A. protest B. wedding C. reception D. success 22. In Australia, on Mother’s Day, the second Sunday in May, children prepare and 2. A. present B. decrease C. increase D. mouse their mothers ‘breakfast in bed’. 3. A. complicated B. bridegroom C. originate D. superstition A. cook B. serve C. display D. present 4. A. country B. contrast C. culture D. ceremony 23. People in Mexico Mother's Day on May 10 by giving their mothers handmade 5. A. good B. moon C. groom D. food gifts, flowers, clothing and household appliances. II. Mark the letterA, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other A. open B. memorize C. celebrate D. perform three in the position ofthe primary stress in each of the following questions. 24. In Vietnam, you shouldn’t at somebody’s house on the 1st day of the NewYear 6. A. increase B. enter C. prepare D. propose unless you have been invited by the house owner. 7. A. happy B. perfect C. formal D. married A. show up B. get up C. put up D. go up 8. A. couple B. promise C. import D. wedding 25. The newly-weds will fly to Venice to spend their tomorrow. 9. A. export B. decrease C. present D. belief A. vacation B. honeymoon C. holiday D. marriage 10. A. contrast B. object C. rebel D. support 2 After the wedding ceremony at the church, they go to the hotel for the wedding III. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the A. cake B. ring C. day D. reception following questions. 27. The bride and groom cut the wedding cake and .speeches. 11. In some Asian countries, the groom and bride their wedding rings in front of the A. prepared B. wrote C. heard D. made altar. 28. Some Koreans believe that it’s impolite to eye contact with a person who has a A. change B. exchange C. give D. take high position. 12. In Scotland, the bride’s mother may invite the wedding guests to her house to off A. make B. lose C. show D. put all the wedding gifts. 29. Brazilians often .each other’s arms, hands or shoulders during a conversation. A. show B. turn C. put D. get A. lend B. shake C. touch D. move 13. On the wedding day, the best man is expected to help the 30. American people are very informal at home, so they often .their hands to eat some A. bride B. groom C. guest D. bridesmaid kinds of food. 14. In the past, the and engagement ceremonies took place one or two years before A. use B. lend C. wash D. shake the wedding. 31. Egypt is a traditional country, and it has many customs that are different the U.S. A. propose B. proposing C. proposal D. proposed A. of B. from C. to D. for 15. Superstitions an important part in the lives of many people in Vietnam. 32. English people believe that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house, which A. take B. act C. occupy D. play will bring to the person who has opened it. 16.Vietnam has kept a variety of superstitious about daily activities. A. loss B. misfortune C. success D. truth A. believe B. believing C. beliefs D. believable 33. Superstition suggests that you'll get seven years of bad luck if you a mirror. 17. Traditionally, most Vietnamese people never the floor during the first threedays A. break B. buy C. borrow D. see of the New Year. 34. In the UK, seven is usually regarded the luckiest number while thirteen is the A. sweep B. paint C. polish D. resurface opposite. 18.Vietnam is a country situated in Asia, where many mysteries and legends A. as B. like C. with D. for A. origin B. originate C. original D. originally 35. Polite behaviour in one country, however, may be in another world. 19.The British usually pay a lot of to good table manners and are expected to use A. formal B. informalC. impolite D. appropriate knives, forks, and spoons properly. 36. In Germany, it is important to arrive time when you are invited to someone's A. money B. care C. attention D. compliment house. 20. In the U.S, children can choose their own partners even if their parents object A. in B. after C. beforeD. on their choice. 37. Learning about cultural differences in politeness helps you avoid a lot of A. to B. for C. against D. with A. embarrass B. embarrassment C. embarrassed D. embarrassing THẨM Tâm Vy, Jan 15, 2020 NEW ENGLISH 10 - UNIT 7 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY
2. 38. On many days of the year, Vietnamese people not only the table for meals, but 53. Wedding ceremonies are now than they used to be in the past. they also put food on the altar for their ancestors. A. less complicated B. the most complicated A. lay B. lie C. book D. clear C. as complicated D. the least complicated 39. The woman you are engaged to is your 54. It's much to celebrate a small and cozy wedding to save money. A. fiancé B. bridesmaid C. match-makerD. fiancée A. best B. better C. the best D. the better 40. At the church ceremony, the couple have to make their 55.In some Asian families, parents tend to have far control over their children than A. vows B. invitations C. flowers D. cakes those in some American families. IV. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to A. the most B. the more C. more D. most the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. 56. This is wedding party I’ve ever attended. 41. Mary is planning to tie the knot with her German boyfriend next June. A. the more memorable B. more memorable A. get married B. say goodbye C. get together D. fall in love C. the most memorable D. most memorable 42. In some Asian countries like Vietnam or China, money is given to the newly- 57. Chocolates and flowers are by far presents for mothers on Mother's Day inthe UK. married couple as a wedding present. A. more popular B. the more popular A. gift B. donation C. souvenir D. contribution C. less popular D. the most popular 43. In Vietnam, it is customary to choose a favourable day for occasions such as 5 Chuseok is one of celebrations in the Korean calendar when Koreans give thanks to wedding, funerals, or house-moving days. nature. A. suitable B. favourite C. beautiful D. whole A. the most important B. the more important 44. Americans value freedom and do not like to be dependent on other people. C. the less important D. more important A. addicted B. supportive C. reliant D. responsible 59.The more polite you appear to be, your partner will be. 45. In most American families, parents have less influence on their children than those A. the happiest B. the happier C. the most happily D. the more happily in other parts of the world. 60. Of the two bridesmaids, Lisa turned out to be A. power B. effect C. attention D. care A. the most charming B. the least charming V. Mark the letterA, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to C. more charming D the more charming the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. 61. The Korean are than the American in addressing their bosses. 46. Being practical, Americans avoid taking jobs which are beyond their ability. A. more formal B. formal C. most formal D. the most formal A. out of B. far from C. within D. inside 62. There are occasions for giving gifts in modern societies than before. 47 In many countries, it is customary for the bride to throw her bouquet of flowers into A. less B. more C. the least D. the most a crowd of well-wishers. 63. June has become month for weddings in many countries when the symbolic A. uncommon B. inadvisable C. usual D. normal flowers, roses, usually bloom. 48. To an American, success is the result of hard work and self-reliance. A. more popular B. less popularC. the most popular D. the least popular A. devotion B. industry C. laziness D. enthusiasm 64. Before doing something important, Vietnamese people always try to choose time 49. Success has always meant providing their families with a decent standard of living. for it. A. high B. good C. acceptable D. low A. better B. less good C. the least good D. the best 50. Stores everywhere compete to sell their distinctive versions of Christmas cake 65. My grandmother feels much whenever I give her a homemade cake on Mother's before the holiday. Day. A. different B. various C. similar D. special A. happier B. more happily C. the happiest D. the most happily VI. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the 66. People in Western countries are often surprised to learn that Japanese following questions. celebrate Christmas. 51.These days, in India, there are married couples who live on their own than before. A. Ø - Ø B. the - the C. the - Ø D. Ø - the A. more B. any C. less D. little 67. In Japan, most important holiday of season is New Year's Day, which comes 52. In some countries in the Middle East, people stand to each other than those in one week after Christmas. North America in a conversation. A. the - the B. Ø - the C. the - Ø D. the - a A. most closely B. more closely C. closer D. closest THẨM Tâm Vy, Jan 15, 2020 NEW ENGLISH 10 - UNIT 7 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY
3. 68. In India, in the old days, girl's family used to give boy's family a gift like 85. If you make (A) the wish, then (B) blow out all (C) the candles (D) on your birthday money or jewellery. cake in one breath, your wish will be granted. A. a - a B. a - the C. the - a D. the - the 86. No one is (A) the happiest than (B) the bride and groom (C) on the day of (D) their 69. It is appropriate to bring small gift when visiting home in the U.S. wedding. A. the - a B. a - a C. a - the D. the - the 87. On (A) first day of the Lunar New Year, (B) Vietnamese people go (C) the pagoda 7 Traditionally, bride and groom go on their honeymoon immediately to pray for (D) the best luck of the year. after wedding reception. 88. For American people, success means (A) ending their care in (B) the highest and A. a - the B. the - a C. the - the D. a - a more prosperous position (C) than when they began (D) it. 71. Whenever I set out for examination, I always try to avoid crossing path of 89. Superstitions (A) exist everywhere (B) on this planet; however, Vietnam and Asia woman. (C) alike can be (D) the more superstitious than other continents. A. an - the - a B. an - a - the C. an - the - the D. the - the - a 90. In Vietnam, gifts (A) for brides and grooms (B) are usually (C) in pairs; for 72. In a wedding ceremony, best man helps groom ready for every preparation. example, two less expensive more desired than the (D) nicer one. A. the - a B. a - the C. the - the D. a - a VIII. Mark the letterA, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the 73. People say that gift lets recipient know how we are thinking of them. following exchanges. A. the - the B. a - a C. the - a D. a - the 91. ~ A: "Have you heard? Martin and Lisa have just got engaged!" 74. Wearing a wedding veil which covers head and face is 2,000-year old ~ B: " " tradition. A. Really? That's fantastic! B. Congratulations! A. a - the B. the - a C. the - the D. a - a C. Let's celebrate! D. Good luck! 75. In the U.S, white represents goodness and is usually colour of bride's wedding 92. ~ A: "Well, Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie have just decided to divorce! Don't you dress. know? A. a - a B. a - the C. the - a D. the - the ~ B: " " 76. Is it acceptable to touch person on shoulder in a conversation? A. I couldn’t agree more. B. Oh, thanks! A. a - the B. the - the C. the - a D. a - a C. Really? Are you kidding? D. No, not right now. 77. man should take off his hat when he goes into house in the UK. 93. ~ A: "What a beautiful wedding dress you are wearing today, Daisy! A. A - the B. A - a C. The - a D. The - the ~ B: " " 78. When you stay at friend's house, you should write thank-you note. A. I'm sorry to hear that. B. Thanks, it’s nice of you to say so. A. a - a B. the - a C. a - the D. the - the C. Don't mention it D. Thanks for your gift! 79. Christmas Eve is best time for Japanese youngsters to go out for special, 94. ~ A: "Let’s go and cheer for their happiness today! romantic evening. B: " " A. a - a B. the - a C. the - the D. a - the A. No, thanks. B. Have a go, please. 80 Japanese manage not to ask direct questions in order not to embarrass person C. That’s a good idea! D. It’s too late. who they are speaking with. 95. ~ A: "Why don’t we make a cake for Mom on Mother's Day?" A. A - the B. A - a C. The - the D. The – a ~ B: " " VII. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that needs A. Sure, let’s plan on it. B. Thanks, I’d love to. correction in each of the following questions. C. To make her happy. D. Great! I’d like some flowers. 81. People believe that if they (A) borrow money at (B) a beginning of the year, they 97. ~ A: "I’m afraid I can't come to your house-warming party next Saturday." will have to be in (C) debt for (D) the rest of that year. ~ B: " " 82. (A) In traditional Indian families, (B) the parents used (C) to arranging the marriage A. That sounds fun. B. Oh, what a pity! (D) for their children. C. That’s ridiculous. D. Oh, what a relief! 83. It (A) is common for (B) Japanese to adapt foreign customs (C) and make (D) them 98. ~ A: "Thank you very much for coming to our wedding!" ~ B: " " their own. A. Our pleasure! Happy wedding! B. Our pleasure! Good success! 84. In Vietnam, (A) at (B) the dinner table, you should serve the adults (C) the first and C. Don’t mention it. Go ahead! D. Don’t mention it. Just my luck! (D) then the children. 99. ~ A: "Thank you very much for the lovely flowers!" THẨM Tâm Vy, Jan 15, 2020 NEW ENGLISH 10 - UNIT 7 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY
4. ~ B: " " only your right hand or using both hands, for example. Others have strong traditions A. You are welcome. B. You don't like flowers, do you? related to the appropriate way to accept a gift. In Singapore, for instance, it is the C. Yeah, I didn't buy those flowers. D. It was an excellent choice. standard to graciously refuse a gift several times before finally accepting it. The 100. ~ A: "Peter and I are going to spend our honeymoon in Vinpearl Island! recipient would never unwrap a gift in front of the giver for fear of appearing greedy. ~ B: " " Understanding these traditions and customs, as well as taking time to choose an A. It's fine for me. B. Oh, thanks. Good luck! appropriate gift, will help you to avoid any awkwardness or embarrassment as you seek C. Have you decided yet? D. Oh, really? Have a nice holiday! to build a better cross-cultural relationship. 101. ~ A: "I love watching Carnival in Rio de Janeiro. What about you? 106. When did the tradition of gift-giving become popular all over the world? ~ B: " " A. a long time ago B. two thousand years ago A. You're welcome. B. Thanks, I will. C. Me too. D. Me either. C. since the beginning of humans D. since the beginning of industrialization 102. ~ A: "Guess what? Mary’s getting married next week." 107. Which of the following is NOT true about gift-giving customs? ~ B: " " A. In France, wine is not considered a suitable gift for the hostess of a dinner party. A. Is she really? That’s interesting. B. What a pity! B. In Sweden, it is not customary to bring some wine or flowers when you are invited to C. Congratulations! D. Send my regards to her, will you? a dinner party. 103. ~ A: "Don’t forget to bargain when buying things in an open-air market in C. In Vietnam, such things as scissors, knives and other sharp objects shouldn't be used Vietnam! ~ B: " " as a gift. A. I don't agree. B. Thanks, I will. C. Why not? D. No way. D. In Singapore, it is unacceptable to open the gift right in front of the giver. 104. ~ A: " " ~ B: "You'd better shake hands firmly." 108. The phrase "associated with" is closest in meaning to A. What topics should I talk about when I first meet a Turkish? A. connected with B. familiar with C. informed of D. similar to B. What gifts should I give to a Turkish? 109. The word "it" in paragraph 3 refer to C. What should I do when I first meet a Turkish? A. consideration B. manner C. gift D. culture D. What about asking a Turkish about their age? 110. Which of the is the main idea of paragraph 3? 105. ~ A: "Would you like to stay with us and spend our traditional Tet holidays A. The people who are presented with gifts together? ~ B: " " B. The traditions of giving and receiving gifts A. What a nice idea! Thanks. B. Oh, lucky you C. The occasions of giving and receiving gifts C. What a shame, I will. D. How come? D. The manners of giving and receiving gifts IX. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the X. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. correct answer to each of the questions. INTERNATIONAL GIFT-GIVING CUSTOMS Marriage is an ancient religious and legal practice celebrated around the world. The tradition of gift giving is a worldwide practice that is said to have been around However, wedding customs vary from country to country. since the beginning of human beings. Over time, different cultures have developed their The Wedding Dress. In many countries, it is customary for the bride to wear a white own gift-giving customs and traditions. dress as a symbol of purity. The tradition of wearing a special white dress only for the In France, the gift of wine for the hostess of a dinner party is not an appropriate gift as wedding ceremony started around 150 years ago. Before that, most women could not the hostess would prefer to choose the vintage for the night. In Sweden, a bottle of wine afford to buy a dress that they would only wear once. Now, bridal dresses can be bought or flowers are an appropriate gift for the hostess. In Vietnam, a gift of whisky is in a variety of styles. In some Asian countries and in the Middle East, colours of joy and appropriate for the host, and some fruit or small gifts for the hostess, children or elders happiness like red or orange other than white are worn by the bride or used as part of the of the home. Besides, gifts should never be wrapped in black paper because this colour wedding ceremony, is unlucky and associated with funerals in this country. Gifts that symbolize cutting The Wedding Rings. In many cultures, couples exchange rings, usually made of gold such as scissors, knives and other sharp objects should be avoided because they mean or silver and worn on the third finger of the left or right hand, during the marriage the cutting of the relationship. Also, in some countries you should not open the gift in ceremony. The circular shape of the ring is symbolic of the couple's eternal union. In front of the giver and in others it would be an insult if you did not open the gift. Brazil, it is traditional to have the rings engraved with the bride's name on the groom's Beyond the gift itself, give careful consideration to the manner in which it is presented. ring, and vice versa. Different cultures have different customs regarding how a gift should be offered - using THẨM Tâm Vy, Jan 15, 2020 NEW ENGLISH 10 - UNIT 7 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY
5. Flowers. Flowers play an important role in most weddings. Roses are said to be the flowers of love, and because they usually bloom in June, this has become the most CULTURE SHOCK popular month for weddings in many countries. After the wedding ceremony, in many Many people dream of living in a foreign country. It can be an amazing experience for countries the bride throws her bouquet into a crowd of well-wishers - usually her single those (119) are willing to settle down in a new place. (120) , there’s one potential female friends. The person who catches this bouquet will be the next one to marry. problem you should be aware of: culture shock. Culture shock is the feeling we get from Gifts. In Chinese cultures, w edding guests give gifts of money to the newly-weds in living in a place that is so different to where we grew up that we are not sure (121) to small red envelopes. Money is also an appropriate gift at Korean and Japanese wedding. deal with it. Societies are (122) in many different ways. Customsand traditions can In many Western countries, for example in the U.K, wedding guests give the bride and be very different and that can sometimes make it difficult to get onwith local people groom household items they may need for their new home. In Russia, rather than who might not approve (123) things you do and might object tothings you say. You receiving gifts, the bride and groom provide gifts to their guests instead. might be banned from doing things in another country that are perfectly legal in your With the continued internationalization of the modern world, wedding customs that own. For example, in Singapore people can be forced to (124) a large fine just for originated in one part of the world are crossing national boundaries and have been dropping rubbish. Eventually, though, most people who live abroad fall in love with incorporated into marriage ceremonies in other countries. their adopted country and learn to accept its differences. 111.Which of the following is the best title of the passage? 119. A. who B. which C. what D. whose A. Wedding ceremonies B. Wedding customs 120. A. Therefore B. However C. Although D. Moreover C. Wedding day D. Wedding history 121. A. what B. when C. how D. why 112. The tradition of wearing a special dress only on one’s wedding day is 122. A. organize B. organizing C. organization D. organized A. about 150 years ago B. over a century ago 123. A. of B. with C. on D. off C. less than 100 years ago D. less than 200 years ago 124. A. spend B. waste C. pay D. borrow 113. In some cultures, the bride wears a white dress as a traditional symbol of XII. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or Dto indicate the A. modesty B. secrecy C. purity D. security correct word that best fits each ofthe numbered blanks. 114.1n some Asian and Middle Eastern countries, which colour is NOT considered to COMMON SUPERSTITIONS be suitable for a wedding? There are many strange superstitions in the world. The most common one is related to A. red B. orange C. white D. blue black cats, (125) are the source of hundreds of unlucky superstitions. It’s a sign of bad 115. The phrase "eternal union" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to luck (126) they walk in front of you or you step on theirm tails. They even bring bad A. never-ending relationship B. lovely relationship luck into a house if they sneeze inside! This superstition dates (127) to the Middle C. temporary relationship D. healthy relationship Ages when they became associated with witches and evil spirits. 116. The word "this" in paragraph 4 refers to which of the following? Another common superstition is about walking under a ladder. A more (128) A. role B. love C. June D. rose explanation can be traced back to ancient Egypt. The (129) Egyptians believed that 117. According to the passage, in which country would the wedding guests give the the shape of the Pyramids had a special power. It was considered very bad luck to break bride and groom money as a present? the "power" of this shape and that’s exactly what walking under a ladder would do! In A. Brazil B. the U.K C. China D. Russia addition, in Roman times, people (130) the habit of looking at themselves in pools of 118. Which of the following information is TRUE according to the passage? water. Some believed that these reflections were in fact "glimpses of the soul". Any A. Nowadays, every bride can afford to buy a wedding dress to wear only once. disruption to the water in the pool would bring bad luck to the person looking in it. This B. It is believed that any person who catches the bride's bouquet will be the next to superstition lives on with the fear of bad luck from breaking a mirror. marry. 125. A. which B. who C. when D. where C. It is customary to write the groom's name on the bride's wedding ring. 126. A. although B. because C. if D. unless D. Thanks to globalization, one country's wedding customs may be added to other 127. A. on B. in C. back D. for countries'. 128. A. mystery B. mysterious C. mysteriously D. mysteries XI. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the 129. A. late B. recent C. past D. early correct word that best fits each of the numbered blanks. 130. A. had B. took C. raised D. became XIII. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. THẨM Tâm Vy, Jan 15, 2020 NEW ENGLISH 10 - UNIT 7 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY
6. 131. The American are less formal in addressing their bosses than the South Korean. C. This book is as good as the one about cultural diversity I have ever read. A. The South Korean are less formal in addressing their bosses than the American. D. The book about cultural diversity I have ever read isn’t better than this one. B. Both the American and the South Korean have the same formali essing their bosses. 139. Money is more important than prestige to some Americans. C. The South Korean are more informal in addressing their bosses an the American. A. Some Americans like prestige more than money. D. The South Korean are more formal in addressing their bosses than the American. B. Money is of greater importance to some Americans than prestige. 132. Nothing is more precious than happiness and health. C. Money and prestige are of equal importance to some Americans. A. Happiness and health are the most precious things. D. Money is less preferable to some Americans than prestige. B. Happiness is more precious than health. 140. There were more guests at my cousin's wedding than expected. C. Health is more precious than happiness. A. We didn’t expect fewer guests to attend my cousin’s wedding. D. Happiness and health are more and more precious. B. We expected to receive more guests at my cousin's wedding, 133. I've never seen such a nice bouquet of wedding flowers. C. Fewer guests came to my cousin’s wedding than we expected. A. This bouquet of wedding flowers is the nicest that I've ever made. D. More guests came to my cousin's wedding than we expected. B. This is the nicest bouquet of wedding flowers that I've ever seen, C. I’ve never seen the nicest bouquet of wedding flowers so far. The End D. Nothing seen is nicer than this bouquet of wedding flowers. 134. Ice-hockey is one of the most popular sports in Russia. A. Russia, ice-hockey is more popular than any other sports. B. In Russia, no sport is more popular than ice-hockey, C. In Russia, no sport is less popular than ice-hockey. D. In Russia, one of the most popular sports is ice-hockey. 135. Tet holiday is the most interesting Vietnamese traditional festival that he’s ever attended. A. Tet holiday is more interesting than the Vietnamese traditional festival that he's ever attended. B. He has never attended a more interesting Vietnamese traditional festival than Tet holiday. C. He has attended many interesting Vietnamese traditional festival including Tet holiday. D. Tet holiday is one of the most interesting Vietnamese traditional festival he’s ever attended. 136. There are more superstitious beliefs in Eastern countries than in Western ones. A. Western countries don’t have fewer superstitious beliefs than Eastern ones. B. Eastern countries have more superstitious beliefs than Western ones. C. Eastern and Western countries have many more superstitious beliefs. D. More superstitious beliefs exist in Western countries than in Eastern ones. 137. Pho (rice noodles) is believed to be the most typical food in Vietnam. A. It is believed that Pho (rice noodles) is the most typical food in Vietnam. B. A more typical food than Pho (rice noodles) is believed in Vietnam. C. I believe that Vietnam has the most typical food like Pho (rice noodles). D. No food in Vietnam is less typical than Pho (rice noodles). 138. I have never read a better book about cultural diversity. A. This book is a good book about cultural diversity I have ever read. B. This is the best book about cultural diversity I have ever read. THẨM Tâm Vy, Jan 15, 2020 NEW ENGLISH 10 - UNIT 7 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY