Bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 10 - Unit 9: Preseving the environment - Năm học 2022-2023 (Có đáp án)

Nội dung text: Bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 10 - Unit 9: Preseving the environment - Năm học 2022-2023 (Có đáp án)

1. Unit 9: PRESEVING THE ENVIRONMENT ( Bảo vệ mơi trường) VOCABULARY 1) aquatic /əˈkwỉtɪk/(adj): dưới nước, sống ở trong nước 2) article /ˈɑːtɪkl/(n): bài báo 3) awareness /əˈweə.nəs/ (n): sự nhận thức 4) chemical /ˈkemɪkl/ (n)/ (adj): hĩa chất, hĩa học 5) confuse /kənˈfjuːz/(v): làm lẫn lộn, nhầm lẫn 6) confusion /kənˈfjuːʒn/ (n): sự lẫn lộn, nhầm lẫn 7) consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ (n): sự tiêu thụ, tiêu dùng 8) contaminate /kənˈtỉmɪneɪt/ (v): làm bẩn, nhiễm 9) control /kənˈtrəʊl/ (v): kiểm sốt 10) damage /ˈdỉmɪdʒ/(v): làm hại, làm hỏng 11) deforestation /ˌdiːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn/(n) : sự phá rừng 12) degraded /dɪˈɡreɪd/ (adj): giảm sút chất lượng 13) deplete /dɪˈpliːt/ (v) : làm suy yếu, cạn kiệt 14) depletion/dɪˈpliːʃn/ (n): sự suy yếu, cạn kiệt 15) destruction /dɪˈstrʌkʃn/ (n): sự phá hủy, tiêu diệt 16) ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ (n): hệ sinh thái 17) editor /ˈedɪtə(r)/ (n) : biên tập viên 18) environmental impact (n.phr): tác động mơi trường 19) erosion /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/ (n): sự xĩi mịn 20) fertilizer /ˈfɜːtəlaɪzə(r)/ (n): phân bĩn 21) fossil fuel (n.phr): nhiên liệu hĩa thạch (làm từ sự phân hủy của động vật hay thực vật tiền sử) 22) global warming /ˈɡləʊblˈwɔːmɪŋ/(n.phr): sự nĩng lên tồn cầu 23) greenhouse effect /ˈɡriːnhaʊsɪˈfekt/ (n.phr): hiệu ứng nhà kính 24) influence (v,n): ảnh hưởng, tác dụng 25) influence on: ảnh hưởng lên 26) inorganic /ˌɪnɔːˈɡỉnɪk/(adj): vơ cơ 27) long-term /ˌlɒŋ ˈtɜːm/ (adj): dài hạn, lâu dài 28) mass-media /ˌmỉs ˈmiːdiə/(n.phr): thơng đại chúng 29) material /məˈtɪə.ri.əl/ (n): chất liệu 30) pesticide /ˈpestɪsaɪd/(n): thuốc trừ sâu 31) polar ice melting/ˈpəʊlə(r)aɪsˈmeltɪŋ/ : sự tan băng ở địa cực 32) pollute /pəˈluːt/(v): gây ơ nhiễm 33) pollutant /pəˈluːtənt/ (n): chất ơ nhiễm 34) pollution /pəˈluːʃn/ (n): sự ơ nhiễm 35) preserve/prɪˈzɜːv/ (y): giữ gìn, bảo tồn 36) preservation /ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/(n): sự bảo tồn, duy trì 37) protect /prəˈtekt/ (v): bảo vệ, che chở 38) protection /prəˈtekʃn/ (n): sự bảo vệ, che chở 39) sewage /ˈsuːɪdʒ/ (n) : nước cống 40) solution /səˈluːʃn/(n): giải pháp, cách giải quyết 41) threat /θret/ (n): đe dọa 42) vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/(n): cây cỏ, thực vật GRAMMAR *REPORTED SPEECH ( LỜI NĨI TƯỜNG THUẬT, GIÁN TIẾP)
2. 1. Definition Lời nĩi gián tiếp là lời nĩi thuật lại ý của người nĩi, thơng tin đi từ người thứ nhất qua người thứ hai đến người thứ ba. Trong lời nĩi gián tiếp thì cấu trúc câu cĩ sự biến đổi về mặt ngữ pháp. E.g Trực tiếp: He said,”I am a student.” Gián tiếp: He said (that) he was a student. 2. Types of sentences in reported speech ( các loại câu trong lời nĩi gián tiếp) a. Statements ( Câu kể/ Câu trần thuật) Câu trần thuật là kiểu câu dùng để kể, xác nhận, miêu tả, thơng báo, nhận định, trình bày về những hiện tượng, những hoạt động, trạng thái, tính chất trong thực tế. E.g: “Mary said,” I am watching TV” - Khi chuyển một câu trần thuật trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta phải thực hiện như sau: + Dùng động từ say hoặc tell: S + say/ say to sb/ tell sb (that) + S + Form: + Đổi các đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu, sao cho tương ứng với mệnh đề chính E.g: Trực tiếp: Nga said,”I am reading books.” Gián tiếp: Nga said (that) she was reading books. Trực tiếp: She said, “My brother is a doctor”. Gián tiếp: She said (that) her brother was a doctor. + Thay đổi “thì” của động từ - “thì” của động từ trong lời nĩi gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi thì: S + said/ said to sb/ told sb (that) + S + V( lùi thì ) Form Saul đây là bảng chỉ sự thay đổi “thì” của động từ trong lời nĩi Gián tiếp.
3. Lời nĩi trực tiếp ( Direct speech) Lời nĩi gián tiếp ( Reported speech) Hiện tại đơn Quá khứ đơn He said, “I work in a bank.” -> He said (that) he worked in a bank Hiện tại tiếp diễn Quá khứ tiếp diễn Nam said, I am talking to my brother.” -> Nam said (that) he was talking to his brother. Hiện tại hồn thành Quá khứ hồn thành Mr Ha said, “ I have bought a computer.” -> Mr Ha said (that) he had bought a computer. Hiện tại hồn thành tiếp diễn Quá khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn He said, “I have been waiting for you for 2 hours.” -> Ha said (that) he/ she had been waiting for me for 2 hours. Quá khứ đơn Quá khứ hồn thành She said, “ I did the exercise.” -> She said (that) she had done the exercise. Tương lai đơn Tương lai trong quá khứ She said, “I did the exercise.” -> My mother said (that) she would visit Hue city. Tương lai tiếp diễn Tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ He said, “I will be sitting at the café.” -> He said (that) he would be sitting at the café. Tương lai gần ( Is/ am/ are going to do) Was/ were going to do They said, “ We are going to build a new house.” -> They said (that) they were going to build a new house.
4. Can/ may/ must do Could/ might/ had to do He said, “ I must do my homework.” -> He said (that) he had to do his homework. + Thay đổi tính từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn Lời nĩi trực tiếp ( Direct speech) Lời nĩi gián tiếp ( Reported speech ) This/ These That/ Those Here There Now Then Today That day Ago Before Tomorrow The next day/ the following day/ the day after The day after tomorrow Two days after/ in two day’s time Yesterday The day before/ the previous day The day before yesterday Two days before Last week The previous week/ the week before Next week The next week/ the following week/ the week after E.g: Trực tiếp: She said, “ I saw him here in this room yesterday.” Gián tiếp: She said (that) she had seen him there in that room the day before/ the previous day. Ngồi quy tắc chung trên đây thì cần nhớ rằng tình huống thật và thời gian khi hành động được thuật lại đĩng vai trị rất quan trọng trong khi chuyển từ lời nĩi trực tiếp sang lời nĩi gián tiếp. *Note: - “should, ought to, would” giữ nguyên trong lời nĩi gián tiếp. - Động từ “tell” phải cĩ tân ngữ. E.g: She told me that he was a student. - Động từ “say” cĩ thể cĩ tân ngữ hoặc khơng. Nếu muốn đề cập đến người nghe, ta dùng “to”
5. E.g: She said to me that she was doing the housework. b. Questions ( câu hỏi ) Câu hỏi được chia làm loại: + Yes/ No questions ( câu hỏi yes/ No ): - Câu hỏi yes/ no là loại câu hỏi được trả lời bằng yes/ no. E.g Are you a doctor? Does he live here? - Để chuyển một hỏi yes/ no từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau: S1 + asked + (O) + IF/ WHETHER + S2 + V (lùi thì) . - Tân ngữ sau động từ “ask” cĩ thể cĩ hoặc khơng. E.g Trực tiếp: Miss Nga said, “Are you a foreigner?” Gián tiếp: Miss Nga asked (me) if/ whether I was a foreigner. Trực tiếp: “Does John understand music? He asked. Gián tiếp: He asked (me) if/ whether John understood music. + WH - questions ( Câu hỏi cĩ từ để hỏi ) - Câu hỏi cĩ từ để hỏi là loại câu hỏi mà người hỏi muốn biết thêm thơng tin và cần được giải đáp. E.g What are you doing now? Where did you go yesterday? - Để chuyển câu hỏi cĩ từ để hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau: S1 + asked + (O) + WH - (when, where, how .) + S2 + V ( lùi thì ) E.g Trực tiếp: “ What is your name?” He asked.
6. Gián tiếp: He asked (me) what my name was. C. Imperatives (Câu mệnh lệnh ): Câu mệnh lệnh là loại câu dùng để yêu cầu/ đề nghị người khác làm gì đĩ. Cách nhận biết câu mệnh lệnh: Câu mệnh lệnh thường được bắt đầu bằng: - Động từ ( V ) E.g Open the windows, please. Hoặc please open the windows. ( Từ “please” cĩ thề được thêm vào đầu hoặc cuối câu để tạo ra sự lịch sự.) - Don’t + V ( Mệnh lệnh ở phủ định ) E.g Don’t smoke in the room. - Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you + S + V ? ( Chỉ yêu cầu lịch sự ) E.g: Can you lend me some books? ( Bạn cĩ thể cho tơi mượn một vài quyển sách được khơng ?) Để chuyển câu hỏi cĩ từ để hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau: S + told/ asked/ ordered + O + (not) + to V + . E.g Trực tiếp: The teacher said to students ‘ Close the door, please”. Gián tiếp: The teacher asked/ told students to close the door. Note: Trong câu mệnh lệnh thì bắt buộc phải cĩ tân ngữ ( người nghe ) nên chúng ta cần tìm tân ngữ trong câu. Các cách để tìm tân ngữ: - Đối với những câu mà đề bài đã cho sẵn thì ta chỉ việc lấy đĩ mà sử dụng. E.g Trực tiếp: Lan said to Hung: “Open your book.” ( Hung là tân ngữ ) Gián tiếp: Lan told/ asked Hung to open his book.
7. - Đối với những câu mà người nghe được đặt ở vị trí cuối câu ( cĩ dấu phẩy trước người nghe) thì ta lấy đĩ sử dụng . E.g Trực tiếp: “ Help me clean the house, Nga”. Said Hung ( Nga là tân ngữ ) Gián tiếp: Hung asked. Told nga to help her clean the house. - Đối với những câu mà khơng cĩ người nghe được nhắc đến phía ngồi dấu ngoặc và khơng tìm thấy ở cuối câu thì ta xem xét phía trước người nĩi cĩ tính từ sở hữu hay khơng. Nếu cĩ thì ta lấy đĩ làm tân ngữ. E.g Trực tiếp: Her mother said: “Don’t talk loudly in the room.” ( mẹ của cơ ấy => người nghe là cơ ấy, tân ngữ là her) Gián tiếp: Her mother asked/ told her not to talk loudly in the room. - Đối với những câu mà khơng thể tìm được tân ngữ theo 3 cách trên thì dùng “me” ( tơi ) làm tân ngữ ( người nghe ) E.g Trực tiếp: Lan said:”Go home work.” Gián tiếp: Lan asked/ told me to go home then. D. Một số trường hợp khơng thay đổi “thì” của động từ - Động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn ( say/ says ), hiện tại tiếp diễn ( is/ are saying ); hiện tại hồn thành “ ( have said/ has said ); tương lai đơn ( will say ) Trực tiếp: Tom says, “ I am fine “. Gián tiếp: Tom says he is fine. ( Tom nĩi anh ấy khỏe ) - Lời nĩi trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, sự thật hiển nhiên. Trực tiếp: He said, “ The sun rises in the East.” Gián tiếp: He said ( that ) the sun sises in the East. - Lời nĩi trực tiếp là các câu điều kiện loại II và III Trực tiếp: “ If I were you, I would meet her” he said. Gián tiếp: He said that if he were me, he would meet her. - Lời nĩi trực tiếp là cấu trúc “ Wish + past simple/ past perfect” Trực tiếp: “ I wish I lived in Ho Chi Minh City”, she said.
8. Gián tiếp: She said she wished he lived in Ho Chi Minh City. - Cấu trúc “ It’s time the children went to school”, she said. Gián tiếp: She said it was time the children went to school. - Lời nĩi trực tiếp cĩ các động từ khiếm khuyết ( could/ would/ should/ might/ ought to/ had better/ used to .) Trực tiếp: Miss Lan said, “ you should study hard.” Gián tiếp: Miss Lan said I should study hard. *BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN - ANSWER KEY Bài 1: Choose the best answer to complete the sentence. 1. The stranger asked me where I ___ from. A. come B. coming C. to come D. came 2. Ms. Nga wanted to know what time ___. A. the movie began B. the movie begins C. does the movie begin D. did the movie begin 3. Mary said she there the day before. A. is B. had been C. will be D. would be 4. Mai asked Quang A. when he will come back B. when he would come back C. when he comes back D. when he is coming back 5. She told me ___ her up at six o’clock. A. please pick B. to pick C. should pick D. I can pick 6. He said that He and his friend ___ married ___. A. were getting/ tomorrow B. are getting/ the next day C. were getting/ the next day D. will get/ the day after 7. He asked me when ___ there. A. did I arrive B. will I arrive C. I had arrived D. I can arrive 8. The teacher said, “ I didn’t see her.” -> The teacher said ___ her.
9. A. he had seen B. I hadn’t seen C. he didn’t see D. he hadn’t seen 9. I wondered ___ the right thing. A. If I am doing B. was I doing C. am I doing D. whether I was doing 10. Tom ___ that his mother was in hospital. A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. asked me Bài 2: Change the statements into reported speech. 1. “She works in a bank” He said ___ She worked in a bank ___. 2. “ We went out last night” She told me ___they had gone out the previous night ___ 3. “I’m coming!” He said ___he was coming ___ 4. “ I’d never been there before” She said ___she had never been there before ___ 5. “ I didn’t go to the party “ He told me ___he hadn’t gone to the party ___ 6. “My mother will come later” She said ___her mother would come later ___ 7. “ He hasn’t eaten breakfast” She told me ___he hadn’t eaten breakfast ___ 8. “ You should go to bed early “ She told me ___i should go to bed early ___. Bài 3: Change the questions into reported speech. 1. “ What are you going to do at the weekend?’ He asked me ___ what I was you going to do at the weekend __. 2. “Where will you work after graduation?” He asked me ___ where I would work after graduation ___.
10. 3. “How was the journey?” He asked me ___ How the journey had been ___. 4. “Do you live in Hanoi?” She asked me ___ if I lived in HN ___. 5. “Did he arrive on time?” She asked me ___if I had arrived on time ___. Bài 4: Change the requests into reported speech. 1. “Please help me carry this suitcase” She asked me ___to help her carry this suitcase ___. 2. “Please come early” She asked me ___to come early ___. 3. “Could you please open the window?” She asked me ___if I could open the window ___. 4. “Do your homework!” She told me ___ to do my homework ___. 5. “Don’t be late!” She told me ___not to be late ___. Bài 5: Change the sentences into reported speech 1. Lan said “ Can you sing a song?”￿ lan asked me if I could sing a song 2. Miss Hoa asked Hung, “Where did you go last weeks?” Miss Hoa asked Hung where he had gone the previous week 3. Mr Nam said, “ I am taking the IELTS test tomorrow.” Mr Nam said he was taking the IELTS test the following day. 4. My mother said, “ I didn’t have a computer last year.” My mother said that she hadn’t had a computer the previous year 5. The teacher said, “ You must do your homework yourself.” The teacher told me I had to do my homework myself 6. Mary said, “ I want to be a writer when I grow up.”
11. Mary said she wanted to be a writer when she grew up 7. My mother said, “you should go to bed early.” 8. Lan asked, “ Do many tourists visit Ha Long Bay every year, Mai?.” 9. Mrs Linh said “ She will spend my holiday in Da Lat next month”. 10. Tom told us, “ I do not understand what you are saying.” BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO Bài 6: Choose the best answer to complete the sentence. 1. Jylia said that she ___there at noon. A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be 2. He ___that he was leaving way that afternoon. A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. says to me 3. She said to me that she ___to me the Sunday before. A. wrote B. has written C. was writing D. had written 4. I ___him to sell that old motorbike. A. said to B. suggested C. advised D. recommended 5. My parents reminded me ___ the flowers. A. to planting B. plant C. to plant D. planting 6. I asked Martha ___ to enter law school. A. are you planning B. is she planning C. was she planning D. if she was planning 7. Nam wanted to know what time ___. A. does the movie begin B. did the movie begin C. the movie begins D. the movie began 8. I wondered ___the right thing. A. whether I was doing B. if I am doing C. was I doing D. am I doing 9. The scientist said the earth ___the sun.
12. A. goes round B. is going around C. went around D. was going around 10. Peter said that if he ___rich, he ___ a lot. A. is - will travel B. were - would travel C. had been - would have travelled D. was - will travel Bài 7: Choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction. 1. I (A) asked him how far (B) was it from my school to post office (C) if I went there (D) by taxi. 2. They asked me (A) that I (B) could do (C) some shopping (D) with them. 3. Her mother (A) ordered her (B) do not go out with (C) him the day (D) before. 4. She said (A) that the book (B) in the library (C) would be available (D) tomorrow. 5. He (A) advised her (B) thinking about that example (C) again because it needed (D) correcting. Bài 8: Complete the sentence into reported speech. 1. “Open the door,”he said to them. -> He told them ___to open the door ___. 2. “Where are you going?” he asked her. -> He asked her where ___she was going ___. 3. “Which way did they go?” he asked. -> He asked me ___which way they had gone ___. 4. “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her. -> I told ___her to bring it back if it didn’t fit ___. 5. “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us. -> She told ___us not to try to open it then ___. 6. “Is it going to be fine day today?” I asked her. -> I asked her ___if it was going to be fine that day ___. 7. “He’s not at home”, she says. -> She says that ___he was not at home ___. 8. “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked. -> The girl wanted to know ___if the bus station was far away ___.
13. 9. “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said. -> Tom told Ann ___ not to stay out late ___. 10. “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her. -> He asked ___ her to let him borrow her car___. Bài 9: Complete each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence given. 1. “Would you like to go to the movies with us tonight?” they said to me. -> They invited ___me to go to the movies with them that night ___. 2. To do this test was difficult. -> It was ___ difficult to do this test ___. 3. The last time Bill met Tom was in 2010. -> Bill hasn’t ___met Tom since 2010___. 4. Ms, Smith is proud of her son’s contribution to the play. -> Ms. Smith is proud of what ___ her son can contribute/ contributed to the play___. 5. I had to cancel the birthday party because my grandmother is seriously ill. -> I had to cancel ___ the birthday party because of grandmother’s serious illness. ___. Bài 10. Complete each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence given using the words in the brackets. 1. “I haven’t been home this evening, Mary” said Bill (told) -> Bill ___ told Mary that he hadn’t been home that evening ___. 2. I haven’t seen my sister for 5 years (since) -> It’s ___5 years since I last saw my sister ___. 3. My book was published last year. It became a best seller. (that) -> My book, which was published last year , became a best seller ___. 4. “ I’ll pick you up at 7:00, Kate” said Mark (promised) -> Mike __promised to pick kate up at 7.00_. 5. The bad was found later. The robbers put the money in it (in) -> The bag ___ in which the robbers put the money was found later ___.
14. TEST 1 A. PHONETICS I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. government B. borrowing C. program D. promotion 2. A. polar B. land C. impact D. animal 3. A. possession B. access C. property D. American 4. A. release B. easy C. threat D. increase 5. A. preserve B. conserve C. fossil D. discuss II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 1. A. protection B. charity C. chemical D. neighbourhood 2. A. submarine B. assignment C. disposal D. depletion 3. A. chemical B. solution C. disposal D. erosion 4. A. scientist B. chemical C. injury D. announcement 5. A. evidence B. principle C. allergy D. awareness B. VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR I. Change into the reported speech. 1. He said “I have already read this book”. He said that he had already read that book. 2. Tom said to his sister “I want to buy a gift for our mother”. Tom told his sister that he wanted to buy a gift for thier mother. 3. Mrs Brown said “Where are they living?" Mrs Brown asked where they were living. 4. “Do you know the girl over there?" Tom said. Tom asked me if I knew the girl over there. 5. Mother said "Nam, why don't you go to bed?” Mother told Nam not to go to bed. 6. “May I use your telephone?" said my neighbor.
15. My neighbor asked me to use my telephone. 7. The manager said “Come into my office, please? The manager asked to come in to his office. 8. “Do not get off the bus while it's going” said the driver. The driver asked us not to get off the bus while it was going. 9. She asked to the little boy "Take a look at yourself in the mirror!” She told the little boy to take a look at himself in the mirror. 10. “Don't put your elbow on the table!” he said. He asked me not to put my elbow on the table. II. Put the correct word for the sentences below. deforestation preserve greenhouse effect fossil fuels damage depletion pollute global warming 1. The ___ greenhouse effect ___ occurs when the earth's atmosphere traps certain gases such as carbon dioxide as well as water vapour. This makes the earth's surface warmer. 2. ___Damage___ is harm or injury that makes something less valuable or able to function. 3. To ___ preserve ___ is to keep and protect something from damage, change or waste. 4. ___ Fossil fuels ___ are non-renewable energy sources such as coal, fuel oil and natural gas formed from dead plants and animals underground. 5. ___ Global warming ___ is the gradual increase of temperature on the earth's surface due to greenhouse effect. 6. ___ Depletion ___ is the using up or reducing something like energy or resources. 7. To ___pollute___ is to make air, water, or soil dirty or unclean. 8. ___ Deforestation ___ is the removal or cutting down of all trees in an area for urban use and farm lands. III. Choose the correct words in the bracket to complete the sentences. preserved forestation confused erosion global environment attraction environmental 1. Scientists have tried to assess the impact of human activities on the ___ environment ___. 2. We should have ___ forestation ___ plans to replace the trees cut down for farmland use in the region.
16. 3. Oceanic oil spills become a major ___ environmental ___ problem, chiefly a result of intensified petroleum exploitation. 4. The rhino habitat has been perfectly ___ preserved ___ in the region. 5. The students are somewhat ___ confused ___ by the usage of the words “preservation” and “conservation”. 6. Many climatologists believe that the decline in mountain glaciers is one of the first observation signs of ___global___ warming. 7. Rising sea levels can add to the ___ erosion ___ of our coastlines. 8. Waste water has polluted seas and lakes surrounding tourist ___ attraction ___, damaging the flora and fauna. IV. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. 1. In banana plantations, flooding occurs partly because of deforestation CONSTRUCT and partly because of poorly ___constructed___ drainage systems. 2. African and Asian elephant numbers feel dramatically in the 19th and 20th centuries, ___largely___ due to the ivory trade and habitat loss. LARGE 3. The environmental consequences of large dams are numerous, including direct impacts to the biological, chemical and PHYSICS ___physical___ properties of rivers. 4. In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and attractive natural attractions, waste ___disposal___ is a serious problem. 5. Unlike pesticides, ___fertilizers___ are not directly toxic but DISPOSE their presence in fresh water changes the nutrient system. 6. ___Erosion___ caused by deforestation can also lead to increased FERTILIZE flooding. 7. The Earth's natural resources should be consumed at a ___sustainable___ ERODE level. 8. Dealing with resource ___depletion___ requires a broad range SUSTAIN of strategies. 9. Experts predict that the world's rain forests could completely disappear in 100 years at the current rate of ___deforestation___. DEPLETE 10. Mining is an extractive industry, often with huge ___environmental___
17. and social impacts. DEFOREST ENVIRONMENT V. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. 1. Jack asked me ___. A. where do you come from? B. where I came from C. where I come from D. where did I come from? 2. She asked me ___ I liked pop music. A. when B. what C. if D. x 3. The doctor ___ him to take more exercise. A. told B. tell C. have told D. are telling 4. I wanted to know ___ return home. A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would 5. Claire told me that her father ___ a race horse. A. owns B. owned C. owning D. A and B 6. What did that man say ___? A. at you B. for you C. to you D. you 7. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it ___ raining there. A. is B. were C. has been D. was 8. The builders have ___ that everything will be ready on time. A. promised B. promise C. promises D. promising 9. The doctor ___ him to take more exercise. A. told B. tell C. have told D. are telling 10. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she'd been on holiday the ___ week. A. ago B. following C. next D. previous 11. Fossil fuels which are non-renewable pollute the air and cause air ___.
18. A. pollution B. solution C. contaminate D. consumption 12. Recycling provides a method of reducing the amount of waste materials that gets to the landfills - thus ___ it less probable for environmental pollution to take place. A. making B. doing C. causing D. trying 13. If wastes are thrown ___, they can cause pollution in water, land and air. A. inappropriately B. disappointingly C. eco-friendly D. favourably 14. Trees not only bring nature to urban areas, but they also help clean the air by absorbing pollutants, ___ oxygen, ___ water, and grow food. A. to provide - to save B. to provide - save C. providing - saving D. provide - save 15. Air pollution is such a serious ___ that it has been a direct factor in the ___ of millions of people each year. A. threat - death B. threat - deaths C. threaten - death D. threaten - deaths 16. Sometimes it's better not to buy something new, and buy it ___ instead. A. used B. usable C. use D. useful 17. He asked the children ___ the river. A. don't pollute B. if they don't pollute C. not to pollute D. not polluting 18. They asked me how many students ___ in the school. A. there were B. were there C . there are D. are there 19. He told me that ___. A. he would participate in the conservation campaign yesterday B. he had participated in the conservation campaign the previous day C. he participated in the conservation campaign the previous day D. he has participated in the conservation campaign the previous day 20. He asked, “Why did she write the article on conservation?” He asked why ___. A. she had written the article on conservation B. she has written the article on conservation C. she wrote the article on conservation D. did she write the article on conservation VI. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed to make the sentence correct. 1. The (A) deplete of the ozone layer (B) is not (C) a good thing (D) for the Earth. → depletion
19. 2. We (A) need (B) to protect the (C) environmental for the (D) next generation. → environment 3. Deforestation will lead (A) to the extinction of rare (B) animal due to the loss of (C) their habitats, and (D) extreme floods and land erosion. → animals 4. (A) Worldwide rainforest (B) preserve has (C) been the aim (D) of many environmentalists. → preservation 5. (A) Person should (B) make efforts to preserve the environment (C) for the sake of (D) themselves and their children. → People 6. Environmental (A) pollute is (B) one of the greatest and most urgent (C) problems in modern (D) times. → pollution 7. Many countries (A) have signed up to international agreements (B) which aim (C) to reduce the negative (D) impaction of climate change. → impact 8. (A) Any amateur (B) gardener knows (C) plantation need two things (D) to survive: sunlight and water. → plants C. READING I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only one word in each space. home balance way warming forests ecosystems value of amount life PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY Protecting biodiversity is now very essential since biodiversity is crucial for reducing climate pollution. If we don't protect biodiversity, the effects could be as harmful as the effects of global (1) ___warming___ itself. This is especially true with tropical (2) ___forests___ - they are critical to fighting climate change and (3) ___home___ to more species than any other ecosystem type. In other words, protecting biodiversity is essential for our well-being, and biodiversity helps to (4) ___balance___ the nature. Biodiversity is an important part of sustainable development. As we know, sustainable development is considered as a major target for industry as well as planning system. However, the only (5) ___way___ to achieve this target is to protect biodiversity. Tiny plants that grow also absorb large (6) ___amount___ of carbon dioxide. That is why protecting diversity is essential. In fact, biodiversity protection is very much important since biodiversity is a fundamental component of (7) ___life___ on Earth. It creates complex (8) ___ecosystems___ that could never be reproduced by humans. The (9) ___value__ of that biodiversity is immeasurable, and thus must be protected. Finally, we both want and need biodiversity. We continue harming the natural environment without realizing the impact. We should be aware (10) ___of___ protecting biodiversity. II. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
20. World Environment Day which is (1) ___ on 5th June every year in an important day in the calendar of the United Nations. It is one of the ways the United Nations uses to advocate for environmental (2) ___ and call for political action. Every year, UNEP (the Environment Program of the United Nations) develops a theme which is used globally to raise (3) ___ and call for support from governments, organizations, and individuals from all over the world. The theme for 2015 was "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care”. This would also serve as the slogan for the World Environmental Day 2015. The meeting of this theme and slogan is that we have five (4) ___ with more than seven billion people combined. Although we have about 7 billion people, we just have one planet that we live and survive. The surface area is limited, shelter and food also limited. If we continue using the available natural (5) ___ as we do today, our future generations may be (6) ___ to go hungry and without homes. This is why it is of vital importance to consume (7) ___food that is available with care. Stop the wastage and use whatever resource that is available according to need, not greed. “Join the race to make the world a better place” is the theme and (8) ___ for 2016 UN World Environment Day. This slogan (9) ___ a clear message and asks everyone to get involved (10) ___ making the world a better place to live in. 1. A. found B. acted C. held D. celebrated 2. A. experience B. protection C. decrease D. pollution 3. A. feature B. activity C. ability D. awareness 4. A. areas B. continents C. plants D. stars 5. A. sources B. resources C. balances D. increase 6. A. had B. made C. forced D. accused 7. A. which B. whatever C. who D. what 8. A. slogan B. flag C. poster D. brand 9. A. requests B. asks C. carries D. depends 10. A. from B. to C. within D. in D. WRITING I. Change into the reported speech. 1. Mr Jones gave the people gloves and said to them: "Protect yourselves from germs." Mr Jones gave the people gloves and told them to protect themselves from germs. 2. Nam said, "The environment is severely affected by pollution." Nam said (that) the environment was severely affected by pollution.
21. 3. Mai said, "The burning of fossil fuels leads to air pollution." Mai said (that) the burning of fossil fuels led to air pollution. 4. Peter said, "Intensive insecticide and pesticide sprays in agriculture make the soil contaminated." Peter said (that) intensive insecticide and pesticide sprays in agriculture make the soil contaminated. 5. "It's confusing because there are too many web pages about the environment" Nam said. Nam said that it was confusing because there were too many web pages about the environment. 6. "Air pollution is one of the causes of the greenhouse effect" scientists said. Scientists said that air pollution was one of the causes of the greenhouse effect. 7. "Pollution is one of the problems in my neighbourhood" Nam said. Nam said that pollution was one of the problems in his neighbourhood. 8. "More people are aware of the preservation of natural resources" the editor said. The editor said that more people were aware of the preservation of natural resources. 9. "We are discussing the protection of the natural environment" the students told their teacher. The students told their teacher that they were discussing the protection of the natural environment. 10. "Use the web search engine to find the information that you need" Nam's father told him. Nam’s father told him to use the web search engine to find the information that he needed. II. Change into the reported speech. 1. Mr Jones was very sad and said "All this rubbish is killing fish and other sea creatures." Mr Jones was very sad and said that all that rubbish was killing fish and other sea creatures. 2. "We can clean the beach together." said Nick. Nick said that they could clean the beach together. 3. "I'll ask our friends and neighbours to come and help us" Mary said to them. Mary told them that she would ask their friends and neighbours to come and help them. 4. "I'm so happy to hear that, children" Mr Jones said to his children. Mr Jones told his children that he was so happy to hear that. 5. Tony said "The disposal of untreated sewage in rivers and oceans leads to water pollution." Tony said (that) the disposal of untreated sewage in rivers and oceans led to water pollution.
22. 6. Mary said "Loud and annoying sounds from innumerable vehicles in the highway nearby cause noise pollution." Mary said (that) loud and annoying sounds from innumerable vehicles in the highway nearby cause noise pollution. 7. Mai said "The rising sea level is product of global warming, a natural phenomenon. The only unnatural thing about global warming is the accelerated rate at which it is happening." Mai said (that) the rising sea level was product of global warming, a natural phenomenon. The only unnatural thing about global warming was the accelerated rate at which it was happening. 8. Linda said "Environmental pollution is an impact of human activities on the environment." Linda said (that) environmental pollution was an impact of human activities on the environment. TEST 2 I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. book B. look C. floor D. good 2. A. contaminate B. natural C. damage D. area 3. A. hate B. mate C. cake D. manage 4. A. contaminate B. deforest C. pollute D. protect 5. A. pesticide B. impact C. focus D. practical II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 1. A. composer B. invention C. position D. volunteer 2. A. pesticide B. influence C. invention D. violence 3. A. energy B. influence C. animal D. employment 4. A. pollution B. depletion C. property D. confusion 5. A. advantage B. editor C. solution D. pollutant III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. 1. Yesterday, Laura ___ him to put some shelves up. A. asked B. is asking C. ask D. was asked 2. Tom has ___ this story wasn't completely true. A. admitting that B. was admitted that C. admitted that D. admit that 3. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ___ day. A. that B. the C. then D. this
23. 4. I wonder ___ the tickets are on sale yet. A. what B. when C. where D. whether 5. Mathew ___ Emma that her train was about to leave. A. has reminded B. has reminded that C. reminded D. reminded that 6. Hello, Jim. I didn't expect to see you today. Sophie said you ___ ill. A. are B. were C. was D. should be 7. Ann ___ and left. A. said goodbye to me B. says goodbye to me C. tell me goodbye D. told me goodbye 8. I told you ___ to switch off the computer, didn't I? A. don't B. not C. not to D. to not 9. Bill was slow, so I ___ hurry up. A. tell him B. told him for C. told to D. told him to 10. Sarah was driving too fast, so I ___ to slow down. A. asked her B. asked C. ask D. have asked her 11. You should use electric fans instead of air conditioners ___ they don't emit dangerous gases. A. so B. but C. because D. although 12. Kevin told Phong ___ for many years. A. plastic had been popular material for containers B. plastic would be popular material for containers C. plastic has been popular material for containers D. plastic was popular material for containers 13. Kevin told Phong, ___ to our environment in several ways. A. plastic may be very harmful B. plastic had been very harmful C. plastic is too harmful D. plastic was very harmful 14. He ___ we could buy or make reusable bags and leave some bags in our bike for shopping. A. said us B. says to us C. told us D. told to us 15. My mother encouraged me ___ for recycling.
24. A. to collect B. collecting C. collect D. should collect 16. The campaign ___ things like water bottles and aluminum cans into new, useful objects like park benches, bikes, etc. A. becomes B. recycles C. turns D. comes 17. Fish and poultry have a much lower impact ___ the environment, and other plant proteins are even less damaging ___ the planet. A. on - to B. on - with C. x - for D. of - to 18. We get the energy we require for our everyday needs from many sources, but not all of them are ___. A. ecological B. economic C. unharmed D. eco-friendly 19. Burning garbage ___ dangerous gases to the environment, and this may lead to global warming. A. emits B. throws C. sends D. rejects 20. Individually wrapped candy or chocolate causes a lot of trash, ___ fruits and vegetables are healthier and mean less waste. A. because B. while C. so D. as IV. Choose the correct words in the bracket to complete the sentences. protection depletion pollution erosion destruction deforestation consumption contamination 1. The ___ consumption ___ of fossil fuels has gradually increased in many countries which is concern for many environmentalists. 2. The increase in cases of skin cancer has been recorded in parallel with ozone layer ___ depletion __. 3. Intensive pesticide and fertilizer spays used in agriculture have resulted in the serious ___ pollution ___ of water, soil and air. 4. The ___ contamination ___ of this river has been proved by scientists to be caused by the dumping of untreated sewage. 5. Scientists are able to explain the consequences of habitat ___ destruction ___ now. 6. Every year about 15,000 acres of fertile topsoil are washed away in Haiti, which has resulted in massive soil ___ erosion ___. 7. The ___ protection ___ of the environment from threats such as deforestation, the extinction of rare species, pollution and natural resource depletion is one of the WWF's missions.
25. 8. The ___ deforestation ___ caused during the 20th century made the vegetation in this region, which has originally a vast forest refuge for innumerable species, disappear. V. Complete the sentences using the correct words in brackets. 1. The energy consume / consumption of the community has increased since the new resort was built. 2. Over - exploitation of oil will lead to the depletion / deplete of this natural resources. 3. Aware / Awareness of environmental preservation should be raised in the public as well as in education. 4. We should protection / protect the limited or non-renewable natural resources for our future generations. 5. Water is one of the limited natural resources which can run out soon. All efforts should be made to preserve / preservation it. 6. Disposal of solid waste into the local river has been the cause of water pollute / pollution in this area. VI. Choose the word in the box to complete the text. aquatic accumulated catchment pollutants sustain containing discharged rubbish channels insecticides RIVER POLLUTION River pollution occurs when (1) ___ pollutants ___ are not removed from sewage and are discharged into the river. River water is a very important source of freshwater required to (2) ___ sustain __ life. We need a constant supply of fresh water for drinking, cooking and washing. Animals living near the river, as well as fishes and (3) ___aquatic___ plants, also depend on clean river water. When heavy rainfall occurs, pollutants (4) ___ accumulated ___ within the boundaries of the (5) ___ catchment ___ area may be washed into river (6) ___ channels ___. These pollutants include a variety of agrochemicals like fertilizers and (7) ___ insecticides ___. Waste water (8) ___ containing ___ cleaning detergents, oil and other pollutants like industrial waste may be (9) ___ discharged ___ into the river channel through our drainage systems. Industrial waste may contain sulfur, resulting increasing the acidity of the river water. Sometimes, (10) ___ rubbish ___ such as plastic bags and bottles, are washed into the river channel. VII. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage. There are many ways that (1) ___ helps the environment, and even the smallest step can have significant results. The environmental problem of (2) ___ is a difficult issue to fix. As more waste is put into landfills, the bigger the problem gets. Wastes that are not biodegradable or are slow to decompose can (3) ___ in landfill sites for centuries, often emitting gases that could be harmful to the environment. Keeping paper out of landfills is just one way that recycling helps the environment.
26. Recycling items often uses less energy than manufacturing products from natural sources. Making paper that is using recycled pulp, (4) ___, is much less energy intensive than using new wood. While there are benefits to growing trees because of the carbon dioxide that they consume, it will be the damage (5) ___ is done to the environment by putting paper in landfills and using energy to produce new items. Waste in landfills emit gases as it rots. This can pollute the environment. Anyone who has passed a landfill site (6) ___ hot weather will be familiar with the unpleasant smell and flies that can be found near a landfill site. Reducing the items in landfills will help to (7) ___ the pollution that it causes. Recycling wastes also typically emits less carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, thus reducing the carbon footprint of a product. (8) ___ benefit of recycling is that there is often a significant cost saving to be made when using recycle goods. Recycling leaves and grass, for instance, is a great way to make compost. (9) ___ homemade compost is obviously a lot cheaper than buying compost and this is a useful way to save money. Saving money through recycling ultimately helps the environment. Recycling is just one of many ways that we can help the environment. Every step that we take, however small, is one more towards helping and supporting the environment in which we live. Getting everyone involved, from children to adults, can help produce a better environment for many (10) ___ to come. 1. A. recycling B. extinction C. disappearance D. discharge 2. A. hills B. mountain C. landfills D. landscapes 3. A. remain B. effect C. cause D. attack 4. A. so B. but C. although D. for instance 5. A. who B. which C. that D. x 6. A. most B. during C. almost D. nearly 7. A. last B. reduce C. increase D. stretch 8. A. Others B. Other C. Another D. Further 9. A. Using B. Recycled C. Concluded D. Made 10. A. houses B. generations C. places D. trees VIII. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question. HOW TO STOP WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is one of the biggest threats to the environment today. There are several sources of water pollution ranging from sewage and fertilizers to soil erosion. The impact of water pollution on wildlife and their natural habitats can be immense. There are also a number of things that the average person can do to help stop water pollution. We should conserve the soil because soil conservation influences water pollution through erosion. As soil is eroded by water, it transfers sediment from the land to the body of water, which is polluted by
27. the chemicals in the sediment. Phosphorus and industrial chemicals can be pulled into water through soil erosion. When phosphorus levels in water become too high, they can lead to algae blooms that can cause massive fish deaths and make water unsafe for human use. The best way to prevent soil erosion is to keep the banks of rivers well-covered with plants or trees. Planting trees can have a significantly positive impact on the reduction in soil erosion. The oil used to lubricate engines in all types of machines needs to be changed regularly. When the oil is changed, it presents a number of environmental hazards if not disposed of properly. When a leaky engine releases this oil into the street, it runs to the sewer and makes its way into waterways. Wherever you see a lot of human recreation, you will almost always see lots of evidence of human use. Wrappers, bottles and other trash are unfortunately a common site at many well-used beaches and rivers around the world. It should be fairly obvious that the trash from these places often ends up in waterways and can cause pollution. Plastics are an especially big issue when it comes to water contamination at beaches and waterways. Picking up litter wherever you find it is honestly the best, fastest way to do your part to stop this type of water pollution. Organize cleaning parties with local people to make the reach larger. Get businesses involved as sponsors who will donate prizes to the person who collects the most trash if you're having a hard time finding people to sign up to help. It is estimated that the consumption of plastic by humans is between 250 and 300 million tons a year. About 80% of the plastic in the oceans came from the land. Using alternatives to plastics or using “less disposable” plastics whenever possible can have a surprising impact on ocean pollution. The fact that plastic is cheap and useful for different purposes makes it obvious choices for many people. 1. Lubricants can cause environmental hazards when ___. A. they may be found in the streets B. they engines work perfectly C. they are not disposed properly D. they are changed regularly 2. The following are the effects of water pollution EXCEPT that ___. A. it may make water unsafe for human use B. it may spoil the beauty of beaches or waterways C. it may cause massive fish deaths due to algae blooms D. it may keep the banks of rivers well-covered with trees 3. Soil erosion can lead to water pollution because ___. A. massive fish deaths will make the rivers unsafe for human use B. soil can be eroded by rain water C. soil erosion can occur naturally everywhere D. chemicals in the sediment from the soil erosion will pollute water
28. 4. In order to make beaches clean and green, we should ___. A. follow the trash from these places which often ends up in waterways B. find places with a lot of human recreation and of evidence of human use C. organize campaigns in which prizes will be given to the business who collects the most trash D. ask local people to take part in cleaning up the beaches, maybe with the sponsor from businesses 5. We can infer from the passage that ___. A. using too much plastic can cause bad effects on ocean pollution B. using plastics only causes ocean pollution C. we don't know how to stop water pollution D. alternatives to plastics or “less disposable” plastics can make the situation worse Part I. PHONETICS Exercise 1. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in position the of the primary stress in each of the following questions. 1. A. disposal B. animal C. energy D. poverty 2. A. awareness B. solution C. importance D. happiness 3. A. origin B. dependence C. harmony D. factory 4. A. replacement B. pollutant C. resident D. depletion 5. A. instrument B. engineer C. newsletter D. family 6. A. vehicle B. musical C. article D. reduction 7. A. consumption B. chemical C. neighborhood D. pesticide 8. A. scientist B. consequence C. detergent D. influence 9. A. erosion B. atmosphere C. resources D. confusion 10. A. volunteer B. charity C. vegetable D. injury Part II. VOCABULARY Exercise 2. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 11. If you ask me, ___ waste is a much bigger problem than ordinary household waste. A. industrial B. business C. working D. manufacturing
29. 12. Do you know what CFC ___? A. sets in B. does up C. stands for D. gets down 13. There’s been a ___ in Germany and a village was completely destroyed. A. flood B. drizzle C. shower D. smog 14. Dinosaurs have been ___ for millions of years. A. endangered B. extinct C. threatened D. disappeared 15. As town grow, they tend to destroy the surrounding ___ areas. A. urban B. commercial C. land D. rural 16. During the last hundred years we have done great ___ to the environment. A. injury B. pollution C. damage D. hurt 17. There are lots of things we can all do to ___ the environment. A. enhance B. protect C. make D. build 18. Environmentalists are furious with the American Government for delaying measures which will reduce greenhouse gas ___. A. exhaust fumes B. smokes C. wastes D. emissions 19. The government is introducing strict new rules on the dumping of ___ by industry. A. pesticides B. exhaust fumes. C. toxic waste D. emissions 20. Farmers contribute to environmental damage by spraying ___ with ___, which stay in the soil for years. A. agriculture – pesticides B. agriculture - fertilizers C. crops – fertilizers D. crops - pesticides 21. The gradual rise in the Earth's temperature is known as ___. A. greenhouse effect B. global warming C. ozone layer D. acid rain 22. The ___ that are produced by factories and cars are allowing more ___ from the sun to reach carth. A. gases – radiation B. gases - light C. gas – light D. gas - radiation 23. As the Earth gets hotter, the Arctic and Antarctic ___ will slowly melt and the level of the oceans will rise. A. snowballs B. avalanches C. ice caps D. icebergs 24. There will be ___, too. Some areas will become wetter while others will become much drier.
30. A. weather changes B. weather forecasts C. climatic changes D. climate changes 25. Thousands of acres of forest are being cut down every year and the ___ of many animals are being destroyed. A. natural resources B. natural habitats C. ways of life D. living surroundings 26. Many of the world's largest cities are ___ and some are permanently covered by a ___. A. heavily polluted - polluted cloud B. heavy pollution - polluted cloud C. heavy pollution - cloud of pollution D. heavily polluted - cloud of pollution 27. Make sure your car runs on unleaded petrol and your home uses sources of ___ energy. A. recycling B. reused C. renewable D. recyclable 28. Scientists have found holes in the ___, particularly over Antarctica. A. ice caps B. polar ice C. ozone layer D. greenhouse 29. Greenpeace is an international group that protests against anything which is a ___ to the environment. A. threat B. threaten C. threatening D. threatener 30. If government don't ___ global warming, more natural disasters will occur. A. achieve B. promote C. discourage D. prevent 31. There's has been a steady rise in the average temperature around the planet over the last hundred years or so, and the majority of scientists put it ___ to human activity. A. down B. back C. up D. across 32. However, some scientists argue that the historical evidence shows that over time the Earth heats __ and cools _ naturally. A. up - away B. away - down C. up-down D. down - up 33. It is predicted that over the next few decades many species will die ___ as once fertile areas turn to desert. A. off B. out С. up D. down 34. Most of the air pollution results ___ the burning of fossil fuels, motor vehicles, factories, aircraft and rockets. A. in B. to C. on D. from 35. Environmental pollution is becoming an ___ serious problem that needs to be taken care of as soon as possible.
31. A. increasingly B. increasing C. increase D. increased Exercise 3. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. 36. We are facing severe environmental pollution despite the fact that many world organizations are working hard to reduce it. A. heavy B. destructive C. harmful D. serious 37. Water pollution is a result of dumping pollutants such as detergents, pesticides, oil, and other chemicals in rivers, which makes the water unclean. A. substances B. stuffs C. contaminants D. wastes 38. Stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. A. coexist peacefully with B. fall in love with C. agree with D. cooperate with 39. WWF was set up in 1961 and had its operations in areas such as the preservation of biological diversity. A. difference B. abundance C. variety D. plenty 40. The seashore was much polluted because of the amount of waste left there. All this rubbish is killing fish and other marine life. A. sea plants B. sea mammals C. water life D. sea creatures 41. In 1986, the organization changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature. However, it has operated under the original name in the US and Canada. A. old B. former C. first D. ancient 42. Some of WWF's missions are: conserving the world's biological diversity, ensuring the use of renewable natural resources, and promoting the reduction of pollution. A. jobs B. careers C. tasks D. actions 43. Air pollution is a consequence of fossil fuel burning by motor vehicles, factories, aircraft and rockets. A. product B. example C. harm D. result 44. The natural environment has been seriously influenced and degraded by human activities through many decades. A. worsened B. damaged C. destroyed D. reduced 45. Global warming is the gradual increase of temperature on the Earth's surface due to greenhouse effect. A. steady B. slow C. sharp D. abrupt
32. Exercise 4. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. 46. Fresh water is very important to life because no one can live without it. Yet it is one of the limited and most endangered natural resources on our planet. A. Clean B. Drinkable C. Polluted D. Running 47. One way to protect our environment from pollution is to reduce wasteful consumption. A. costly B. excessive C. safe D. economical 48. If you follow at least one of the tips, you can be proud of taking part in the preservation of water, one of the very important and limited natural resources on earth. A. self-confident B. self-satisfied C. discontent D. unpleasant 49. Soil pollution leads to lack of fertile land to grow enough food for an increasing population. A. arid B. rich C. unclean D. deserted 50. Global warming may lead to many negative changes, including harsher weather conditions. A. more unbearable B. milder C. more extreme D. more scrious Part III. GRAMMAR Exercise 5. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 51. "I'm a big fan of U23.” Derek said. Derek said he ___ a big fan of U23. A. was B. has been C. were D. had been 52. "We're watching TV," said the twins.The twins said they ___ TV. A. watched B. were watching C. have been watching D. had watched 53. “You've been annoying me all day!" my mum said. My mum said I ___ her all day. A. annoyed B. was annoying C. have been annoying D. had been annoying 54. "The dog ate my homework!” said Ivan. Ivan said the dog his homework. A. was eating B. has eaten C.ate D. had eaten 55. "At one o'clock, I was having lunch," said Molly. Molly said she ___ lunch at one o'clock. A. had been having B. has had C. is having D. has been having 56. "You'll get wet without an umbrella," Dad said.Dad said I ___ wet without an umbrella. A. will be getting B. got C. would be getting D. would get 57. "He can juggle five balls!" said Angie. Angie said he ___ five balls.
33. A. juggled B. had juggled C. would juggle D. could juggle 58. “You must give me your essays," Mrs Vine said. Mrs Vine said we ___ give her our essays. A. were having to B. would have to C. had to D. must 59. “Could you pass me the salt, please?" I asked the man next to me. Tasked the man next to me ___ me the salt. A. pass B. if he passes C. to pass D. if he would pass 60. "Would you mind waiting for a moment?" the shop assistant asked the woman. The shop assistant asked the woman ___ for a moment. A. to wait B. waiting C. if she waits D. if she minds waiting 61. “Please don't leave your dirty football boots in the hall," Mum said to Doug. Mum told Doug ___ dirty football boots in the hall. A. that he doesn't leave his B. not to leave his C. not to leave your D. don't leave his 62. "Could you tell us where you were at six o'clock?" the police officer asked Barry. The police officer asked Barry ___ had been at six o'clock. A. telling him where you B. where he tells him he C. to tell him where you D. to tell him where he 63. "Could I have your e-mail address?" I asked Mariella.I asked Mariella ___ e -mail address. A. to give me her B. give me your C. give me her D. gave me your 64. "Can I have a new Xbox for my birthday?" I asked my mum.I asked my mum ___ a new Xbox for my birthday. A. that she gets me B. get me C. to get me D. if she could have me 65. "What's your name?" she asked me.She asked me ___. A. what your name is B. what your name was C. what my name is D. what my name was 66. "Are you a student?" the man asked the boy.The man wanted to know ___. A. if I was a student B. if the boy was a student C. if I am a student D. if the boy is a student 67. "What school are you going to?" he asked me. He wanted to know ___. A. what school am I going to B. what school you are going to
34. C. what was the school I go to D. what school I was going to 68. "I won't be home this evening because I have to work late," Mike said. Mike said that ___. A. I wouldn't be home this evening because I had to work late B. he wouldn't be home this evening because he had to work late C. he won't be home this evening because he has to work late D. he wouldn't be home that evening because he had to work late 69. "You can sit here," the stewardess said.The stewardess said ___. A. you can sit here B. I could sit here C. I could sit there D. you could sit there 70. “Anna left here an hour ago," she said. She told me that ___. A. Anna had left here an hour ago B. Anna had left there an hour ago C. Anna had left here an hour before D. Anna had left there an hour before 71. "I don't want anything to eat now," he said. He said ___. A. he doesn't want anything to eat now B. he didn't want anything to eat then C. I didn't want anything to eat then D. I didn't want anything to eat now 72. “I've only had this new bicycle since yesterday," Karen said.Karen said that ___. A. I had only had this new bicycle since yesterday B. he had only had that new bicycle since the day before C. I had only had this new bicycle since the day before D. he's only had that new bicycle since the day before 73. "Don't waste water, Mum said to Mary.Mum told Mary___. A. that she doesn't waste water B. to waste water C. don't waste water D. not to waste water 74. "You shouldn't use your cars for short distances, the teacher said.The teacher advised her students ___. A. that you shouldn't use your cars for short distances B. not to use their cars for short distances C. not to use your cars for short distances D. not to use her cars for short distances
35. 75. "I'll finish it by the end of this week," he said. He promised ___. A. he'll finish it by the end of this week B. he would finish it by the end of this week C. to finish it by the end of that week D. to finish it by the end of this week 76. "Don't forget to turn the tap off before you leave. " Grandma said.Grandma reminded me ___. A. to turn the tap off before I left B. turn the tap off before you left C. don't forget to turn the tap off before I left D. to turn the tap off before you left 77. Dorothy asked him ___ Sarah was his sister. A. that B. if C. what D. who 78. Tom and Henry asked me to go with ___. A. him B. their C. them D. they 79. I asked Martha ___ to join the Green Club. A. whether she is planning B. if she was planning C. when was she planning D. where she was planning 80. Bob wanted to know when ___. A. will the exam be taken B. the exam will be taken C. would the exam be taken D. the exam would be taken Exercise 6. Mark the letter A, B, C. or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions. 81. Tim called yesterday and said he needed the report right now. A B C D 82. Sally called from Miami and said that she was swimming here. A B C D 83. They complained that there isn't any fresh water in the local area. A B C D 84. Rosy said that she will come back there on another project the following year. A B C D 85. Tony promised that he would do his homework today. A B C D
36. 86. Clarence said he couldn't have repaired the car the next day. A B C D 87. Mr Jones told his children not to wasting fresh water. A B C D 88. The teacher asked his students to focus on your topic. A B C D 89. Sally suggested to go to school by bicycle in order to save energy. ABCD 90. Harry offered lending a hand with keeping the school environment clean. A B C D Part IV. SPEAKING Exercise 7. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges. 91. "Why don't we have a look at some websites for more information about the environment?" – “___” A. Yes, thanks. B. Yes, why not? C. It's my pleasure. D. Do we? 92. "___" - "By bus." A. What did you take to get there? B. Did you get there by motorbike? C. How long did it take you to get there? D. How did you get there? 93. "Hi, Jack. ___" - "Not bad. And you?" A. How's everything? B. What's everything? C. What do you do? D. How do you do? 94. " ___" - "That's a good idea." A. What about recycling water for gardening? B. Sorry, can I say something? C. Glad to work with you. D. Excuse me, I want to add something. 95. "Shall I empty the dustbin?" – “___” A. Make yourself at home. B. Nice to meet you! C. It's very nice of you to do so. D. Long time no see. 96. "Can I borrow your notes, please?" – “___” A. Well done! B. No, thanks. C. Yes, sure. D. Yes, I can.
37. 97. "Would you like to join this Green Project with us?" - "___” A. Yes, I would B. Why not? C. I'd love to D. It doesn't matter. 98. "Where should we start with the project?" – “___” A. I never mind. B. I'm glad to hear that. C. Oh, that would be great. D. What about searching the webs? 99. "Hi, John. Congratulations!" – “___” A. I'm sorry. B. Thank you. C. My pleasure. D. You're welcome. 100."Excuse me! Where is the recycling center?" – “___” A. Let me see. B. I'm not sure. C. Hold on, please. D. It's over there. 101. Thanks for doing that." - "___” A. It's my pleasure B. Don't say that. C. Not at all. D. It's nice of you 102. "How long will the meeting last?" – “___” A. Half past ten. B. Since early morning. C. Once a week, usually. D. An hour or so, I expect. 103. "___" - "I'm going to make a table." A. Why is this recycled wood used? B. How is this recycled wood used? C. What's this recycled wood for? D. Whose is this recycled wood? 104. “___” - "It was very sunny and hot. We had a bit of a heatwave. A. Did you enjoy your holiday? B. How was the wave? C. What was the weather like there? D. How was the beach? 105. "Could you do me a favor, please?" – “___” A. Let me help you. B. Sure. What can I do for you? C. No, thanks. I'm fine. D. Yes, go ahead! Part V. READING Exercise 8. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or correct word that best fits each of the numbered blanks. GLOBAL WARMING Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists (106) ___ the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in the world's temperatures and
38. are convinced that, more than (107) ___ before, the Earth is at (108) ___ from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. (109) ___ to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, even more (110) ___ and causing sea levels all around the world to (111) ___. Environmental groups are putting (112) ___ on governments to take actions to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide which is given (113) ___ by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problems at its source. They are in (114) ___ of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power (115) ___. Some scientists, (116) ___ , believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gasses into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait (117) ___ hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay. 106. A. give B. put C. take D. have 107. A. yet B. never C. once D. ever 108. A. threat B. danger C. risk D. harm 109. A. Concerning B. Regarding C. Depending D. According 110. A. strict B. severe C. strong D. heavy 111. A. raise B. arise C. rise D. lift 112. A. force B. pressure C. persuasion D. encouragement 113. A. off B. away C. up D. over 114. A. belief B. request C. favor D. suggestion 115. A. factories B. generations C. houses D. stations 116. A. but B. although C. despite D. however 117. A. several B. over C. numerous D. various Exercise 9. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. THINK BEFORE YOU TOSS Countries around the world have growing mountains of trash because people are throwing out more trash than ever before. How did we become a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to replace an item than to spend time and money to repair it. Thanks to modern manufacturing and technology, companies are able to produce items quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and prices are low, so we would rather buy something new than repair it. Even if we did want to repair something, many items are almost impossible to repair. These products contain many tiny, complicated parts. Some even contain small computer chips. It's easier to throw these items away and buy new ones than to fix them.
39. Another contributing factor is our love of disposable products. As busy people, we are always looking for ways to save time and make our lives easier. Why should we use cloth kitchen towels? It's easier to use paper towel once and toss it out. Companies manufacture thousands of different kinds of disposable items: paper plates, plastic cups, cameras, and razors for shaving, to name a few. The problem is that disposable products also contribute to our trash problem. Our appetite for new products also contributes to the problem. We are addicted to buying things. As consumers, we want the latest clothes, the best TVs, and cellphones with west features. Companies tell us to buy, buy, and buy. Advertisements persuade us wer is better. The result is that we throw away useful possessions to make room for new ones. 118. Which of the following is NOT a reason for people to replace a broken item? A. Products are now mass produced at affordable prices. B. It takes almost no time to fix broken items. C. Many items are too complicated to repair. D. Some products contain tiny, complicated chips. 119. All of the following are disposable products, EXCEPT ___. A. cloth kitchen towels B. paper plates C. plastic cups D. razors for shaving 120. The word “disposable" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___. A. convenient B. inexpensive C. throwaway D. single-use 121. Why are we hooked on buying new things? A. We throw the old items to make room for the new ones. B. We have more money than ever before. C. We want to own as many things as possible. D. We are made to believe that the new is the better. 122. The word “appetite” in the last paragraph can be best replaced by ___. A. need B. demand C. desire D. taste Exercise 10. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. THE BALANCE OF NATURE All the different plants and animals in a natural community are in a state of balance. This balance is achieved by the plants and animals interacting with each other and with their non-living surroundings. An example of a natural community is a woodland, and a woodland is usually dominated by a particular species of plant, such as the oak tree in an oak wood. The oak tree in this example is therefore called the
40. dominant species but there are also many other types of plants, from brambles, bushes, and small trees to mosses, lichens and algae growing on tree trunks and rocks. The plants of a community are the producers: they use carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen to build up their tissues using energy in the form of sunlight. The plant tissues form food for the plant-eating animals (herbivores) which are in turn eaten by flesh-eating animals (carnivores). Thus, plants produce the basic food supply for all the animals of a community. The animals themselves are the consumers, and are either herbivores or carnivores. Examples of herbivores in a woodland community are rabbits, deer, mice and snails, and insects such as aphids and caterpillars. The herbivores are sometimes eaten by the carnivores. Woodland carnivores are of all sizes, from insects such as beetles and lacewings to animals such as owls, shrews and foxes. Some carnivores feed on herbivores, some feed on the smaller carnivores, while some feed on both: a tawny owl will eat beetles and shrews as well as voles and mice. These food relationships between the different members of the community are known as food chains or food webs. All food chains start with plants. The links of the chain are formed by the herbivores that eat the plants and the carnivores that feed on the herbivores. There are more organisms at the base of the food chain than at the top; for example, there are many more green plants than carnivores in a community. Another important section of the community is made up of the decomposers. They include the bacteria and fungi that live in the soil and feed on dead animals and plants. By doing this they break down the tissues of the dead organisms and release mineral salts into the soil. 123. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. All the plants in a wood are eaten by animals. B. All the animals in a wood depend on plants for their food supply. C. Plants and animals in a natural community do not interact with their non-living surroundings. D. The balance of a natural community means there is no primary species. 124. The best definition for the word “dominant" in paragraph 1 is ___. A. having the most important position B. covering the majority of the area C. providing food for others D. making up the whole community 125. All of the following statements are true, EXCEPT ___. A. some animals eat other animals B. plants depend on the sun to grow C. plants depend on the gasses in the atmosphere to grow D. not every food chain starts with plants 126. The word "tissues" in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ___. A. leaves B. roots C. cells D. trunks
41. 127. Which of the following is NOT an example of carnivores? A. shrew B. lacewings C. owl D. aphids 128. What makes the links in a food chain? A. the plants and the herbivores B. the herbivores and the carnivores C. the carnivores and the decomposers D. the plants and the decomposers 129. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Some animals eat plant-eating animals and also flesh-eating animals. B. There are more organism at the base of a food chain than at the top. C. Green plants outnumber carnivores in a food chain. D. The consumers are at the base of a food chain. 130. The word “organism" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___. A. plants B. animals C. herbivores D. living things Part VI. WRITING Exercise 11. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. 131. “We saw a strange man in the garden," they told their son. A. They told their son that we had seen a strange man in the garden. B. They told their son that they had seen a strange man in the garden. C. They told their son that we saw a strange man in the garden. D. They told their son that they saw a strange man in the garden. 132. “We're staying in tonight," said Emily. A. Emily said that we were staying in tonight. B. Emily said that they were staying in tonight C. Emily said that we were staying in that night. D. Emily said that they were staying in that night. 133. "I've bought a ring," he said to his girlfriend. A. He said his girlfriend that he had bought a ring. B. He said his girlfriend that he bought a ring. C. He told his girlfriend that he had bought a ring.
42. D. He told his girlfriend that he bought a ring. 134. "We went to work yesterday," she said. A. She said that they had been to work the day before. B. She told that they had been to work the day before. C. She said that they had been to work the following day. D. She said that she had been to work the day before. 135. "Don't swim out too far, boys," he said. A. He encouraged the boys not to swim out too far. B. He advised the boys not to swim out too far. C. He warned the boys not to swim out too far. D. He threatened the boys not to swim out too far. 136. "I'm sorry I couldn't come to your birthday party last Friday, Jane," Bod said. A. Bob is sorry for not coming to Jane's birthday party last Friday. B. Bob apologizes for not coming to Jane's birthday party last Friday. C. Bob makes excuses for not coming to Jane's birthday party last Friday. D. Bob wishes to come to Jane's birthday party last Friday. 137. "Let's go for a walk. We've been working all day,” said Joanna. A. Joanna suggested going for a walk because they had been working all day. B. Joanna insisted on going for a walk because they had been working all day. C. Joanna suggested going for a walk because they have been working all day. D. Joanna suggested going for a walk because she had been working all day. 138. "You'd better not waste your time, Tommy," Mum said. A. Mum urged Tommy to waste time. B. Mum advised Tommy not to waste your time. C. Mum advised Tommy not to waste his time. D. Mum advised Tommy not to waste her time. 139. “I'll take the children to the park," said the husband to his wife. A. The husband asked the wife to take the children to the park. B. The husband offered to take the children to the park. C. The husband insisted on taking the children to the park.
43. D. The husband requested to take the children to the park. 140."You've broken my CD player, Sam," said Jenny. A. Jenny charged Sam with having broken her CD player. B. Jenny charged Sam with having broken his CD player. C. Jenny blamed Sam for having broken her CD player. D. Jenny blamed Sam for having broken his CD player.