Grammar for advanced learners: All every whole

Nội dung text: Grammar for advanced learners: All every whole

1. ALL EVERY WHOLE A everybody/everyone/everything and all We say: Everybody was happy. or Everyone was happy. (not all were happy) He thinks he knows everything. (not knows all) Our holiday was a disaster. Everything went wrong. (not all went wrong) We do not often use all alone in this way. We do not say ‘all were happy’, ‘he knows all’ etc. We use all in the following ways: all + noun (all cars, all my money etc.) All my friends were happy. all of + us/you/them All of us were happy. we/you/they all (see also Unit 110D) We were all happy. all about He knows all about computers. all = the only thing(s) All I’ve eaten today is a banana. (= the only thing I’ve eaten today) B whole and all Whole = complete, entire. We use whole mostly with singular nouns: Did you read the whole book? (= all the book, not just a part of it) Emily has lived her whole life in the same town. I was so hungry, I ate a whole packet of biscuits. (= a complete packet) We do not normally use whole with uncountable nouns (water, food, money etc.). We say: Did you spend all the money I gave you? (not the whole money) I read all the information carefully. (not the whole information) We use the/my/a etc. before whole. Compare whole and all: I read the whole book. but I read all the information. C every day / all day / the whole day We use every to say how often something happens (every day / every ten minutes etc.): When we were on holiday, we went to the beach every day. (not all days) The bus service is excellent. There’s a bus every ten minutes. We don’t see each other very often – about every six months. All day or the whole day = the complete day from beginning to end: We spent all day on the beach. or We spent the whole day Dan was very quiet. He didn’t say a word all evening. or the whole evening. Note that we say all day (not all the day), all week (not all the week) etc. Compare all the time and every time: They never go out. They are at home all the time. (= always, continuously) Every time I see you, you look different. (= each time, on every occasion) D Every/everybody/everyone/everything are singular words, so we use a singular verb: Every seat in the theatre was taken. Everybody has arrived. (not have arrived) But we use they/them/their after everybody/everyone: Everybody said they enjoyed themselves. (= everybody enjoyed himself or herself)
2. nit Exercises 1 Complete these sentences with all, everything or everybody/everyone. 1 It was a good party. Everybody had a great time. 2 All I’ve eaten today is a banana. 3 has their faults. Nobody is perfect. 4 Nothing has changed. is the same as it was. 5 Kate told me about her new job. It sounds interesting. 6 Can write their names on a piece of paper, please? 7 Why are you always thinking about money? Money isn’t . 8 I’m really exhausted. I want to do is sleep. 9 When the fire alarm rang, left the building immediately. 10 Amy didn’t say where she was going. she said was that she was going away. 11 We h ave completely different opinions. I disagree with she says. 12 We a ll did well in the exam. in our class passed. 13 We a ll did well in the exam. of us passed. 14 Why a re you so lazy? Why do you expect me to do for you? 2 Write sentences with whole. 1 I read the book from beginning to end. I read the whole book. 2 Everyone in the team played well. The 3 Paul opened a box of chocolates. He started eating. When he finished, there were no chocolates left in the box. He ate 4 The police came to the house. They were looking for something. They searched everywhere, every room. They 5 Everyone in Ed and Jane’s family plays tennis. Ed and Jane play, and so do all their children. The 6 Sarah worked from early in the morning until late in the evening. 7 Jack and Lisa had a week’s holiday by the sea. It rained from the beginning of the week to the end of the week. It Now write sentences 6 and 7 again using all instead of whole. 8 (6) Sarah 9 (7) 3 Complete these sentences using every with the following: five minutes ten minutes four ho urs six m onths four ye ars 1 The bus service is very good. There’s a bus every ten minutes . 2 Tom is ill. He has some medicine. He has to take it . 3 The Olympic Games take place . 4 We live near a busy airport. A plane flies over our house . 5 Martin goes to the dentist for a check-up . 4 Which is right? 1 Did you spend the whole money / all the money I gave you? (all the money is correct) 2 Eve works every day / all days except Sunday. 3 I’m tired. I’ve been working hard all the day / all day. 4 It was a terrible fire. Whole building / The whole building was destroyed. 5 It’s a very sad song. Every time / All the time I hear it, it makes me cry. 6 I don’t like the weather here. It rains every time / all the time. 7 When I was on holiday, all my luggage / my whole luggage was stolen.
3. RELATIVE CLAUSE: Extra Information Clauses A preposition + whom/which You can use a preposition + whom (for people) and which (for things). So you can say: to whom with whom about whom etc. of which without which from which etc. Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is interested in our proposal. Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost. In spoken English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause: Katherine told me she works for a company called ‘Latoma’, which I’d never heard of before. We do not use whom when the preposition is in this position: Mr Lee, who I spoke to at the meeting, is interested in our proposal. (not Mr Lee, whom I spoke to ) For prepositions in relative clauses, see also Unit 93C. B all of / most of etc. + whom/which You can say: Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married. They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer. In the same way you can say: many of whom some of whom neither of whom etc. (for people) none of which both of which one of which etc. (for things) Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him. Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office. They have three cars, two of which they rarely use. Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with. You can also say: the cause of which the name of which etc. The house was damaged in a fire, the cause of which was never established. We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I don’t remember now. C which (not what) Study this example: Joe got the job . This surprised everybody. (2 sentences) Joe got the job , which surprised everybody. (1 sentence) relative clause In this example, which = ‘the fact that Joe got the job’. We use which (not what) in sentences like these: Sarah couldn’t meet us, which was a shame. (not what was a shame) The weather was good, which we hadn’t expected. (not what we hadn’t expected) For what and that, see Units 92D and 93D.
4. EXERCISES 1 Complete the sentences. Use a preposition + whom or which. Choose a preposition from: after for in of of to with without 1 Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost. 2 The accident, two people were injured, happened late last night. 3 I share an office with my boss, I get on really well. 4 The wedding, only family members were invited, was a lovely occasion. 5 Ben showed me his new car, he’s very proud. 6 Sarah showed us a picture of her son, she’s very proud. 7 Laura bought a very nice leather bag, she paid twenty pounds. 8 We had lunch, we went for a long walk. 2 Use the information in the first sentence to complete the second one. Use all of / most of etc. 1 All of Helen’s brothers are married. Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married . 2 Most of the information we were given was useless. We were given a lot of information, . 3 None of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable. Ten people applied for the job, . 4 My neighbours have two cars. They never use one of them. My neighbours have two cars, . 5 James won a lot of money. He gave half of it to his parents. James won £100,000, . 6 Both of Julia’s sisters are lawyers. Julia has two sisters, . 7 Jane replied to neither of the emails I sent her. I sent Jane two emails, . 8 I went to a party – I knew only a few of the people there. There were a lot of people at the party, . Now use the of which . 9 You stayed in a hotel when you were on holiday but you don’t remember the name. We stayed at a very nice hotel, the name of which I don’t remember . 10 We d rove along the road. The sides of the road were lined with trees. We drove along the road, the . 11 The a im of the company’s new business plan is to save money. The company has a new business plan, . 3 Complete the sentences. Choose from the box and use which. This is good news. This makes it hard to contact her. This was a shame. This means we can’t go away tomorrow. She apologised for this This makes it difficult to sleep sometimes. This was very kind of her. This meant I had to wait two hours at the airport. 1 Laura couldn’t come to the party, which was a shame. 2 The street I live in is noisy at night, 3 Kate let me stay at her house, 4 Jane doesn’t have a phone, 5 Alex passed his exams, 6 My flight was delayed, 7 Our car has broken down, 8 Amy was twenty minutes late,
5. ANSWER KEY ALL- EVERY - WHOLE [1] 3. Everybody/Everyone 4. Everything 5. All 6. everybody/everyone 7. everything 8. All 9. everybody/everyone 10. All 11. everything 12. Everybody/Everyone 13. All 14. everything [2] 2. The whole team played well. 3. He ate the whole box (of chocolates). 4. They searched the whole house. 5. The whole family plays tennis. or play tennis. 6. Sarah/She worked the whole day. 7. It rained the whole week. 8. Sarah worked all day. 9. It rained all week. [3] 2. every four hours 3. every four years 4. every five minutes 5. every six months [4] 2. every day 3. all day 4. The whole building 5. Every time 6. all the time 7. all my luggage RELATIVE CLAUSE [1] 2. in which 3 .with whom 4. to which 5. of which 6. of whom 7. for which 8. after which [2] 2. most of which was useless 3. none of whom was suitable 4. one of which they never use 5. half of which he gave to his parents 6. both of whom are lawyers 7. neither of which she replied to 8. only a few of whom I knew 10. sides of which were lined with trees 11 the aim of which is to save money [3] 2. which makes it difficult to sleep sometimes. 3. which was very kind of her. 4. which makes it hard to contact her. 5. which is good news. 6. which meant I had to wait two hours at the airport. 7. which means we can’t go away tomorrow. 8. which she apologised for or for which she apologised