Grammar for advanced learners - Ing forms and infinitives - Thấm Tâm Vy

Nội dung text: Grammar for advanced learners - Ing forms and infinitives - Thấm Tâm Vy

1. We also use -ing forms as adjectives (also called present participles) GRAMMAR NOTES FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS - The remaining items will be sold in our Januarg sale. -ing forms and infinitives Many adjectives and nouns are followed by a preposition + -ing form: The -ing and infinitive forms of verbs are very common in English and can act as - Lora isn't capable of lying and she has no reason for not telling the truth. subjects, objects and complements of verbs. When used like nouns, -ing forms are often referred to as 'gerunds'. This lesson looks at the use of -ing forms and infinitives after INFINITIVES certain verbs, determiners, adjectives and nouns, and at the special use of infinitives to describe purpose and result. (For the use of -ing and infinitive forms in clauses and A. Infinitives with to can be the subject, object or complement of a verb: phrases and in the passive and perfect forms of participles and infinitives.) - To give is better than to receive. Everyone loves to win. We make a negative with not + infinitive: -ING FORMS - I tried not to look at the accident. A. We can use -ing forms of verbs in the same way that we use nouns as the subject, An infinitive can have its own subject, introduced with for: object or complement of a verb. We often refer to -ing torms used in this way as - For evil to succeed it is only necessary for the good to do nothing. gerunds:  In informal English we sometimes put an adverb between to and the infinitive. This - Swimming makes you fit. is known as a 'split infinitive' and we usually avoid it in formal English by putting the - The whole family has taken up cycling. adverb in another position: - Her worst habit is lying. - The doctor started to carefully remove the bandages. Sometimes -ing forms can have their own subjects and objects: => The doctor started to remove the bandages carefully. - I'm looking forward to my wife returning. (subject + -ing form) There are also perfect, continuous and passive forms of the infinitive lf, for example, - Meeting new people is one benefit of taking evening classes. (-ing form + object) the person who is doing the action described by the infinitive is not the subject of the We can make a negative with not + -ing: sentence, we usually use the passive infinitive: - Not getting a refund on faulty goods is what really annoys me. - The report is to hand in first thing tomorrow morning.  But we use no + -ing to explain that something is impossible or not allowed: => The report is to be handed in first thing tomorrow morning. - There’s not smoking in this office. Infinitives of purpose and result - There isn't smoking in this office. We can use an infinitive to describe the purpose or reason for an action: => Could you go outside? There's no smoking in this office. - Cover the turkey in silver foil to keep the meat moist. There's no skiing here in the summer season. (= Skiing is impossible.) - To stop the train, pull the lever downwards. No Parking (= Parking is not allowed here.) We use for before the infinitive when the subject of the infinitive is different from the subject of the sentence: B. We can use determiners, e.g. the, this; possessives, e.g. Peter's; possessive - She went to WalMart for to get some groceries. adjectives, e.g. his; or object pronouns, e.g. him; before -ing forms. Object pronouns => She went to WalMart to get some groceries. are more common in informal English: - We bought a cage for John to keep his hamster in. - All this complaining won't get you anywhere, you know. In more formal English we can use in order or so as + infinitive of purpose: - Peter's complaining didn't do him any good. - Interest rates have been raised in order to reduce inflationary pressures. - Exorbitant tax rates led to his leaving the country. - We have removed the warning signs so as not to alarm members of the public. - Exorbitant tax rates led to him leaving the country. (informal) The infinitive can also describe a result or something surprising, especially with only We often use an object + -ing form after verbs of the senses and verbs such as find, discover, realise, etc.: - I heard Alagna giving a marvellous rendition of 'Nessun Dorma'. - They queued for hours at the box office only to discover thot the show was sold out.  We always use the object pronoun after sense verbs: We also use infinitives after too and enough to talk about results: - Have you seen our performing get? => Have you seen us performing get? - That blue outfit was too informal to wear to the reception. (O When we use the + -ing form and we want to link it with an object, we use of: - There isn't enough (food) to go around, I'm afraid. - The giving presents is a traditional part of the Christmas festivities. => The giving of presents is a traditional part of the Christmas festivities. Tha63m Ta6m Vy, July 12, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS
2. Infinitives after adjectives and nouns - She's decided applying for the job. => She's decided to apply for the job. Many adjectives, especially those describing feelings, can be followed by to + Some of these verbs can also have an object before the infinitive (marked * below): infinitive (some common examples are given below): - He doesn't really expect her to pass the exam. - We're thrilled to welcome this year's prize winner onto the podium. verb + infinitive afford, agree, aim, appear, arranget , ask*, attempt, beg*, - The Bensons are lucky to be having such good weather. campaign1, care, choose*, consent, dare*, decide, demond, deserve2, expect*, fail, adjective + to + infinitive: able / unable, afraid, anxious, ashamed, bound, careful fight, forget, guarantee, happen, help*, hesitate, hope, intend*, long1, manoge, need*, certqin, crazy, curious, due, eager, fit, happy, impossible, likely, lucky, pleased neglect, offer, pause, plan1, prepqre, pretend, promise, propose, prove, refuse, seem, right, shocked, stupid, sure, surprised, thrilled, welcome, wrong swear, tend, threoten, trouble*, try, undertake, vow, wait1, want*, wish*, yearn Many nouns can be followed by to + infinitive (some common examples are in the list 1With these verbs we use for before the object + infinitive: below): - We spent ages waiting them to arrive. - She's finally made a decision to leave. - Clare would be a fool to marry him. => We spent ages waiting for them to arrive. noun + to + infinitive: attempt, bid, decision, desire, incentive, need, nuisance, 2 In British English, we can use deserve + -ing when it has a passive meaning: opportunity, place, pleasure, reason, time, wish - That naughtg child deserves smacking. (= deserves to be smacked)  We can use a noun + to + infinitive after there is / are and have (got) to express an Some verbs are followed by an infinitive only when they have an object obligation: - They forced to open our suitcases. => They forced us to open our suitcases. - Don't disturb me, I've got a report to write this evening. verb + object + to + infinitive advise allow, cause, command, compell, encourage, forbid, force, get, instruct, invite, leave, oblige, order, permit, persuade, recommend, VERBS FOLLOWED BY -ING FORMS AND INFTNITIVES remind, request, teach, tell, tempt, urge, warn A. Certain verbs (see below) can be followed by an -ing form, but not by an infinitive: Note the special rules about infinitives after let, make, see, hear, know and help. - I avoid to travel in the rush hour whenever possible. Many of the verbs followed by infinitives are used in reported speech. => I avoid travelling in the rush hour whenever possible. Some verbs can be followed by an -ing form or an infinitive, with no difference in With some of these verbs (marked * in the list below) we can also put an object before meaning: the -ing form. Compare: - I can't stand to see / seeing animals in pain. - Can you imagine wearing that dress! (verb + -ing form) verb + -ing form or infinitive attempt, begin, bother, can't bear, can't stand, cease, - Can you imagine Jemima wearing that dress! (verb + object + -ing form) continue, deserve, fear, hate, intend, like (= enjoy), love, prefer, start verb + -ing form admit, appreciate*, avoid*, burst out, can't help*, consider,  We usually avoid putting two infinitives or two -ing forms together: contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest*, dislike*, endure*, enjoy*, escape, excuse*, - He wanted to start to take lessons. => He wanted to start taking iessons. face*, fancy*, feel like, finish, give up, imagine*, involve*, justify*, keep (on), leave We use to + infinitive after would like, would love and would hate: off, mention*, mind*, miss*, postpone, practise, prevent*, put off, put sb off, recall*, - When we get there I would like taking a nap. recommend, resent*, resist*, risk*, save, suggest, tolerate*, understand* => When we get there Iwould like to take a nap.  Certain verbs, particularly sense verbs (see below), are only followed by an –ing When like means 'think something is a good idea', we only use the infinitive. Compare: form when they have an object: - I like going to go to the gym. It's so relaxing. (= I enjoy visiting it.) - In 'Harnlet' the prince discovers hiding behind the curtains. - Because of my weight problem I like to go to the gym at least twice a week. => In 'Hamlet' the prince discovers Polonius hiding behind the curtains. (= I think this is a good idea.) verb + object + -ing form catch, discover, feel, find, hear, leove, notice, observe, see, Some verbs can be followed by an -ing form or by to + infinitive, but there is a spot, watch. (Those are sense verbs.) difference in meaning:  The verbs advise, allow, forbid and permit are followed by an -ing form when they verb verb + -ing torm verb + to + infinitive have no object, but an infinitive when they have an object. = forget/remember an earlier action: = forget/remember to do a future - The doctor advised taking a course of antibiotics. - Do gou remember going to school action: forget / - The dsctor advised him taking a eoarse of antibiotics. for the first time? - I must remember to setting alarm remember => The doctor advised him to take a course of antibiotics. - I'll never forget meeting him. clock tonight. Certain verbs can be followed by an infinitive, but not by an -ing form: - Don't forget to lock the back door. Tha63m Ta6m Vy, July 12, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS
3. = continue: = change to another action: 6. Closing the office was something the manager decided this morning. go on - They went on playing despite the - After opening the hospital the The manager made bad weather. Prince went on to meet the staff. 7. I learnt that Amanda was going to marry Ronald, which was surprising. = involves or will result in: = intend to do something: I was mean - This new job means living - The builders mean to finish by 8. They didn't publish the news because they didn't want to frighten the public. abroad. Friday. They didn't publish the news so = feel sorrow about the past: = announce bad news: 9. Checking the balance on my current account was my main reason for visiting the regret - I reatty regret getting that tattoo - We regret to inform gou of delags bank this morning. when I was eighteen. in today's service. I went = finish an action: = finish one action in order to do 10. When we got there they had already closed the store for stocktaking! stop - They stopped making fax machines - We stopped to get petrol. We got there only about ten years ago. III. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. = do something to see what will = make an effort to do something 1. I'm not disappointed, I never really expected (pass) the test. happen: difficult: try - Try using a screwdriver to get the - We tried to get tickets but the show 2. Please don't hesitate (call) if you have any problems. lid off. was sold out. 5. The doctor recommended (avoid) strenuous activity for the first few weeks. 4. The sales team aims (exceed) its target by at least five per cent this year. PRACTICE 5. I don't suppose you happened (notice) whether there was a cash machine there? I. Underline the mistakes in these sentences and correct them. 6. How on earth do they justify (keep) three dogs in such a small flat? 0. A great advantage of credit cards is not having to carry cash around all the time 7. not We'd better hurry up; I'd hate (arrive) late. 1. Have you ever heard my singing O Sole Mio?8. Despite all the rejections, Dave's continuing (apply) for every vacancy he sees. 2. We had to come in early for the opening the new extension.9. We discovered an old document (lie) under the floorboards. 3. Constant criticisms led to she resigning from that stressful job.10. l'll put off (call) them until after I've spoken to the personnel officer. 4. You'll have to put that out, sir, this is a not smoking carriage.11. You can watch the film if you promise (go) to bed straight afterwards. 5. Passengers can find a heated wait room adjacent to platform ten.12. Being a diabetic, I like (avoid) anything containing sugar. 6. The making a successful soufflé requires expert timing.13. Thanks very much. Yes, we'd love (join) you for dinner on Friday. 7. There's not swimming from this beach, the current's too treacherous.14. You really can't help (feel) sorry for the poor guy. 8. The argument ended up with we demanding a refund and compensation.l5. Passengers are permitted carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. 9. They stopped to make vinyl records ages ago.16. Jonathan's the one who taught Rachel (swim) last summer. 10. The crane isn't capable lifting it - it's too heavy.17. Sometimes you have to pretend (like) people that you detest. II. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as 18. That's strange, ldon't recall (meet) him at all. possible in meaning to the sentence before it. 19. The judge will defer (pass) sentence until the psychiatric reports have been 0. I really don't want to see him again. => I have no desire to see him again. submitted. 1. I want you to hand the report in tomorrow. 20. Whenever possible, the personnel department likes (settle) salary reviews prior The report is to the quarterly board meeting. 2. You can't join the army because you aren't sufficiently fit. IV. Underline the correct form in italics. You aren't fit 1. Darling, did you remember packing / to pack some spare cassettes for the video 3. He was very worried that he would arrive late. camera yesterday? He was anxious not 2. I really regret leaving / to leave school so young, it's ruined my career prospects. 4, Right now I'm afraid I can't give you an answer. 3. We tried pressing / to press the 'escape' key but the program just wouldn't respond. I am not 4. A suspicious young man was seen enter / to enter the building shortly before the 5. The government closed the borders with the aim of catching the criminals. incident. In order 5. As we drove over the river, we noticed local women washing / wash their clothes in the water. Tha63m Ta6m Vy, July 12, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS
4. 6. I once heard Karajan conducting / conduct the entire Ring cycle - it was wonderful. trolleys (14) through. It is often impossible (15) down the aisle (16) to the 7. stopped eotinglto eat sugar years ago. toilets, let alone(17) exercise. 8. Nothing will stop their enquiries, they mean getting / to get to the bottom of this The truth is that until we are all prepared to (18) paying rock-bottom prices for strange business. long distance travel, the airlines will have no incentive (19) conditions. And a return 9. Don't forget recording / to record 'East Enders' tomorrow evening. to exclusive and expensive air travel is something nobody would (20) advocating. 10. The woman woke up in the middle of the night, looked out of her window and saw 0. A. finding B. to find C. to be found something strange hovering / hover over the trees in the park. 1. A. sitting B. to sit C. sit 11. After a career in the secret service, lan Fleming went on achieving / to achieve fame 2. A. suggests B. admits C. claims as an author. 3. A. appearing B. to appear C. having appeared 12. Transglobe Airlines regrets announcing / to announce the cancellation of today's 4. A. being B. to be C. be service to lstanbul due to air traffic restrictions. 5. A. increasing B. of increasing C. to increase 13. Do you remember seeing / to see that film last summer? 6. A. putting up with B. put up with C. to put up with 14. If you can't find the information in the manual, try looking / to look at our website. 7. A. stretching B. to stretch C. stretch 15. We were all exhausted so we stopped getting / to get some rest at a motel. 8. A. begins B. risks C. can't help V. Read the article below and then decide which word or phrase (A-C) best fits 9. A. occuring B. to occur C. occur each space. The exercise begins with an example (0). 10. A. promoting B. to promote C. to be promoted DEATH IN THE AIR 11. A. suggested B. considered C. started The death of Emma Christofferson from deep-vein thrombosis allegedly caused by a 12. A. moving B. to move C. move twenty-hour plane journey has led to calls for an enquiry into so-called 'economy class 13. A. taking B. to take C. take syndrome'. The cabin crew were shocked (0) B the previously heatthy 28-year-old in 14. A. getting B. to get C. get a state of collapse at lhe end of a long-haul flight from Australia to London. A blood 15. A. walking B. to walk C. walk clot had spread from her legs to her lungs with fatal results. Experts believe her death is 16 A. getting B. to get C. get just the latest example of the growing danger posed by (1) for extended periods of 17. A. taking B. to take C. take time in cramped aircraft seats. 18. A. give up B. fail C. refuse Farol Khan, director of the Aviation Health Institute, (2) to have evidence that 19. A. improving B. to improve C. improve more than 6,000 passengers a year die of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) as a result of 20. A. undertake B. choose C. comtemplet long-haul flights. Unfortunately, as symptoms often take some time (3) , the link ANSWER KEY between the condition and flying is not always apparent. But there seems (4) a clear I. 1. my - me 2. opening the => opening of the 3. she => her 4. not => no 5. wait => waiting relationship between the occurrence of DVT and the steady reduction in the amount of 6. malring a => making of a 7. not => no 8. we => us/our 9. to make => making legroom between seats in economy class cabins. In a bid (5) the number of 10. capable lifting => capable of lifting passengers carried and their consequent profitability, many airlines have squeezed more II. 1. to be handed in tomorrow. 2. enough to join the army. 3. to arrive late. 4. able to/allowed to/permitted to/free to give you an answer right now. and more seats into their planes, at the cost of comfort and legroom. And our 5. to catch the criminals the government closed the borders. 6. a decision to close the office this morning. (6) these uncomfortable conditions is simply based on the fact that we know more 7. surprised to learn that Amanda was going to marry Ronald. 8. as not to frighten the public. seats means lower prices. But with limited opportunities (7) or move around, the 9. to the bank this morning to check the balance on my current account. blood circulation in passengers' legs (8) to slow down, and blood clots can easily 10. to find / discover they had already closed the store for stocktaking! III. 1. to pass 2. to call 3. avoiding 4. to exceed 5. to notice develop. Most at risk are elderly people, sufferers from heart conditions and smokers. 6. keeping 7. to arrive 8. to apply 9. lying 10. calling But as Emma Christofferson's case shows, even the young and healthy can do little to 11. to go 12. to avoid 13. to join 14. feeling 15. to carry prevent blood clots (9) under these circumstances. (10) a 'caring. sharing' image is 16. to swim 17. to like 18. meeting 19. passing 20. to settle something many airlines are keen on, and some of these have finally (11) to take IV. 1. to pack 2. leaving 3. pressing 4. to enter 5. washing the problem more seriously by issuing health advice to passengers 'trapped' on their 6. conduct 7. eating 8. to get 9. to record 10. hovering 11. to achieve 12. to announce 13. seeing 14. looking 15. to get longhaul flights. They usually recommend (12) the legs and feet regularly, and V. 1. to say 2. to ask 3. to find 4. bringing 5. cooking 6. living 7. to make 8. filling in 9. to see 10. to take advise (13) walks up and down the aisle at least once an hour. But, as any 11. to open 12. To cash 13. buying 14. To be 15. to know 16. wondering 17. to join 18. learning experienced traveller knows, the aisles on most planes are only just wide enough for the 19. to attend 20. to write Tha63m Ta6m Vy, July 12, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS