Grammar for advanced learners: Modal verbs (2) - Thấm Tâm Vy

Nội dung text: Grammar for advanced learners: Modal verbs (2) - Thấm Tâm Vy

1. GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS 10 * To give a strong personal opinion: I believe people must vote at elections. MODAL VERBS (2) * To impose an obligation on oneself: I really must lose some weight. MUST, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAVE TO, NEED TO * To give instructions: The electricity must always be switched off before repairs are English has a number of different ways of expressing the concepts of obligation and attempted. (In giving instructions, must is often used with a passive verb.) necessity, prohibition, recommendation and logical deduction. Let’s look at the  However, musf expresses a strong obligation and we do not often use it in face-to- different modal verbs, as well as some common non-modal verbs and phrases, which we face conversation as it can seem impolite and often inappropriate. use to express these concepts. We often use should and ought to as an alternative to must as they express a subjective (often moral) obligation felt by the speaker, but the obligation is weaker than OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY with must: A. Forms. must - have (got) to - need to – should / ought to - You should treat your neighbours with more respect. * present: must - has / have (got) to – need / needs to – should / ought to It is possible to use need to to express external obligation, particularly in the future: * past: had to - had (got) to - needed to – should / ought to have (done) - We'll need to get our visas sorted out or we won't be able to stop over in the States. * future: must - will have to - will need to - should / ought to We use have got to for external obligation like have to, but it is more informal than Must, should and ought to are modal verbs (unlike need to and have to). They do not have to and more common in speech than in writing (have got to is rare in US English): change form in the present tense, nor do they have a past tense or a future form with - What time have we got to be at the airport tomorrow? will, nor infinitive or participle forms. As an alternative to must or when we can't use [Claim forms have got to be date-stamped before payment will be made.] must (e.g. to refer to the past), we usually use have to: - Claim forms have to be date-stamped before payment will be made. * Past: The staff and students at the university had to evacuate the campus. We use shoutd / ought to + have + past participle for an unfulfilled obligation in the * Future: The Council must l will have to find ways of cutting costs next year. past: * Infinitive: It's difficult to have to stand by and watch your child in pain. - You really should have / ought to have registered before term started. * Participle: Having to listen to hip-hop music all evening is my idea of torture! - The record was finally released eighteen months later than it should have been. We can express a past meaning of should and ought to by using a modal perfect: C. We can use need to, must and have to to express necessity (i.e. a requirement that - They really should / ought to have consulted their shareholders first. results from things other than just commands, rules or laws): Need can be used as a modal verb (without to), usually in negatives and questions: - All living beings need to / must / have to take in sustenance in order to live. - Need you shout so? I'm right next to you! - I really need to / must / have to get some more sleep. I'm alwags exhausted. - We needn't bother making the bed. The maid will do it. It is possible, though quite rare today, to use need without to in questions: As an alternative to need, we can use need to or have to: - Need he really play his music so loudly? - Do you need to / have to shout so? If we want to express a necessity without suggesting who should deal with it, we can - We don't need to / have to bother making the bed. use need + -ing form: - That poor bird - his cage really needs cleaning. We can use nust, have to and need to with a passive phrase: This use has a passive meaning and is similar to the passive infinitive. - Democracy must / has to be seen to work. - That poor bird - his cage reallg needs to be cleaned. - Pulses need to be cooked thoroughly to eradicate the toxins in them. D. We can use be to for an order from a person in authority. B. Obligation. We usually express obligation in English with must or have to: - The members of the jury are to report to the judge's chambers. - You must arrive in good time for the meeting tomorrow. The MD will be there. We use be obliged to (US: obtigated to) or required to in formal contexts: - Everyone has to register their name and address in order to be able to vote. - We're obliged to contribute twenty-five per cent of the costs of the repairs. The difference in meaning between have to and must can be fine and often depends on - Motorists are required by law to wear seat belts in the European Union. whether or not the speaker sees the obligation as one they are imposing. We use have to We use be supposed to for a lesser obligation and one that is frequently ignored: to express an obligation we see as outside our control, e.g. rules imposed by an - We're supposed to leave our textbooks at school, but we often take them home. authority: We use be liable to for obligation (often in a legal context): - Students have to wear school uniforms in the sixth form. - Anyone causing damage will be liable to pay for all necessary repairs. We often use must to express an obligation imposed by the speaker: - I must get up earlier - I waste so much time in the mornings. Must is commonly used for the following situations: Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 17th, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS 10
2. => You don't have / don’t need to pay to visit most museums in Britain. (Entrance is PROHIBITION AND CRITICISM free.) A. Forms. We use don't need to / needn't for absence of necessity felt by the speaker. Needn't tends to express the speaker's personal opinion more: SHOULD NOT / MUST NOT CANNOT OTHER FORMS - We needn't /don't need to put the heating on yet; it's not cold enough. OUGHT NOT TO mustn’t may not We use didn't have to / didn't need to for absence of obligation in the past: Present can’t shouldn’t / oughtn’t to (have) is / are not allowed to - You didn't have to / didn't need to finish the washing-up. I could have done it. shouldn’t have (done) Past couldn’t was / were not allowed to  Need has two past forms: didn't need to and needn't have done. We use didn't oughtn’t to have (done) may not need to when we don't know if the action happened or not: Future cannot shouldn’t / oughtn’t to will be not allowed to - We didn't need to take warm sweaters, as the weather was so good. (We don't know B. Meaning and use. We use must not (usually mustn't) to express a prohibition (an if the speaker took warm sweaters or not.) obligation not to do something imposed by the speaker or writer: We use needn't have + past participle when the action happened but was - You mustn't touch that kettle. It's hot! unnecessary: To express a weaker, often moral prohibition, we use shouldn't or oughtn't to: - We needn't have taken warm sweaters. We could have used the spoce in our luggage - You realtg shouldn't / oughtn't to speak to your mother like that! for more books! (We know that the speaker took warm sweaters.) We tend to use shoutdn't more often than oughtn't to. We use won't have to, won't need to or needn't for absence of obligation in the To express prohition by an external authority, we often use other modal verbs or non- future: modal expressions. Mustn't may appear too strong in these situations: - With one of the new generation of food processors, cooks won't have to / won't need - Guests may not use the pool after 11 p.m. to / needn't peel or chop any more. - Women can't / aren't allowed to drive in some Arab countries.  It is possible, though not common, to use must not have + past participle for a RECOMMENDATION AND ADVICE present prohibition which relates to the past: A. Forms. - Entrants must be aged 16 to 25 and must not have done any professional modelling. MUST SHOULD OUGHT TO HAD BETTER (The modelling is in the past, but the prohibition is in the present.) Present must (not) should (not) ought (not) to had beter (not) We use couldn't or wasn't / weren't allowed to for prohibition in the past: Future must (not) should (not) ought (not) to had beter (not) - We couldn't go into the disco because we were too young. B. We use must for strong recommendations and advice: - Journalists were shown the disused buildings but they weren't allowed to enter them. - You really must read Sebastian Faulks's latest book. It's stunning! We use shouldn't / ought not to have + past participle to criticise a past action: - You must do something about that cough. Please go and see the doctor. - You shouldn't have driven through that red light. You could have caused an Note that with this use must is usually heavily stressed in speech. accident. Recommendation or advice with should or ought to is less emphatic. We usually use won't be allowed to or can't to express prohibition in the future: - Even people as young as twenty-five should consider a personal pension. - Let's eat before we go. We won't be allowed to / can't take food into the auditorium. - Children ought not to spend long periods in front of a computer screen. We often use should and ought to with the passive: ABSENCE OF OBLIGATIPN OR NECESSITY - The underlying shift in public opinion ought not to be exaggerated. A. Forms. Had better (not) expresses the best thing to do in a particular situation. It often has a NOT HAVE TO NEED NOT sense of urgency and can be a warning or a threat: Present do / does not have to need not - do / does not need to - If the burglars took your keys, you'd better change the locks in case they come back. Past did not have to did not need to / needn’t hve (done) - Your dog had better not dig up my rose bush again! Future will not have to will not need to / need not B. Meaning and use. We usually use don't have toldon't need fo to express a lack of external obligation: - You mustn’t pay to visit to most museums in Britain. Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 17th, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS 10
3. LOGICAL DEDUCTTON AND PROBABILITY PRACTICE A. Forms. I. Complete the dialogue with the best words or phrases from the box. Use each MUST HAVE (GOT) TO SHOULD word or phrase once only. do I have to - had to - has to - have to - having to - must Present must (not) have (got) to should (not) need to - needs - obliged to - should - supposed to - will have to Past must have + past participle have (got) to should (not) have + past participle BETH: Hello. Reception said that you wanted a word with me. Future must have (got) to should (not) LISA: That's right. l'm interested in joining your gym. What (1) do? BETH: Take a seat. First, you (2) fill in this form. It asks for details about you and In this sense, we can also use must, have to and should with the continuous: your state of - That disco is so loud. You must be damaging your ears when you go there. health. We want to be sure that you're fit enough to use the gym. - You have got to be joking! That was not a foul! LISA: OK I have a slight problem with one knee. ltwisted it a few weeks ago. - The accused should not have been driving ot 80 in a built-up area. BETH: Well, you really (3) tell the instructor about that, then he'll make sure that B. Meaning and use. We use must for something that we believe to be true because of your fitness programme takes account of it. evidence (i.e. we are making a logical deduction): LISA: Fitnessprogramme? - This must be the place - it's the only restaurant in the street. BETH: Yes. lf you join, you (4) have an induction session with one of our fitness - I thought the eclipse was today, but it must be happening tomorrow. instructors. He'll design a programme suited to your level of fitness. The opposite of must in this sense is can't, not mustn't. LISA: Oh, that's good. Now, it's f 30 a month, isn't it? - This can't be the place - there's no one inside and there are no lights on. BETH: Well, yes, but that's the special rate if you take out an annual subscription, so It is possible to use have (got) to for emphatic logical deduction: you're (5) join for the whole year to get that rate. Otherwise it's t40 a month. - There has (got) to be some mistake. I didn't order this furniture. LISA: I see. Yes, I think I'll join for the year. ls there anything else I should know? We use must have + past participle to express a logical deduction about the past: BETH: Let's see there are some rules, but they're pretty obvious. Of course, everyone - There was a terrific noise last night. It must have been an explosion. (6) weaR appropriate clothes and footwear. There are lockers outside the gym, so - I couldn't wake you this morning. You must have been sleeping really soundly. you're not (7) take anything in with you, but we don't apply that rule very strictly. The negative of this is can't / couldn't have + past participle. You'll probably want to take a towel and a bottle of water in with you anyway: you (8) Note the difference between the two past forms must have + past participle and had drink plenty of water while you're exercising, to prevent dehydration. to: LISA: Yes are there any restrictions, like (9) book time ahead in the evenings? - The Corrs' new single has been plaged non-stop. You must have heard it! BETH: No. You can use the gym whenever it's open. Obviously, if you think a piece of (deduction) equipment isn't working properly and (10) mending, tell an instructor. Also, for - I've always loved The Corrs and when I heard they had a new single out, I had to your own good, you (11) tell us if you feel unsure about how to use a particular hear it! (obligation imposed by the speaker) machine. We use should / ought to for probability and shouldn't / ought not to for LISA: Of course. Now, the receptionist said I (12) provide a photo for the improbability. We believe the statement to be true because of our prior knowledge, membership card, but I'm afraid I don't have one on me. experience or present evidence: BETH: That's OK. Bring it next time you come. Until then you can use your receipt as - The plane should be landing about now. proof of membership. - There shouldn't be problems with traffic at that time of the evening. II. Read the letter on the next page and decide which word or phrase below fits  We rarely useshould to'predict'a negative (unpleasant) situation. Instead we use will: each space. In each case, only one answer is possible. Circle the letters you choose. - There should be problems with traffic at that time. The roads shoutd be awful. The first one is given as an example (0). =>There'll be problems with traffic at that time. The roads will be awful. 0. A. must not B. cannot C. need not We use should (not) / ought (not) to + have + past participle to talk about the 1. A. need not have B. must not have C. had to probability of an action in the past: 2. A. mustn't have B. shouldn't have C. needn't have - I don't know where our main speaker can be. He should have arrived hours ago. 3. A. could not B. did not need to C. needed to 4. A. areto B. are obliged to C. aren't allowed to Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 17th, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS 10
4. 5. A. must not B. are liable to C. must 2. There is no obligation to get an international driving licence for this country. 6. A are required to B. do not have to C. need to have 7. A. need not B. do not need to C. have to 3. lt was stupid of the government to try to break the strike 8. A. need to B. do not have to C. must not should 9. A. are not supposed to B. are not obliged to C. need not 4. I warn you not to chat up my girlfriend again! 10. A. had to B. will have to C. are to had 11. A. shouldn't be allowed B. oughtn't be allowed C. needn't allowing 5. We didn't book the table but it didn't matter as there was hardly anyone in the 12. A. need not have been B. must not have been C. did not have to be restaurant anyway. need Hilverstone Fox Watch 6. My hair's much too long. I'll have to get it cut soon. Dear New Member, cutting Many thanks for your application form for membership of the HFW (Hilverstone 7. It is essential that you disconnect the gas supply before removing the boiler. FoxWatch). Before l introduce the club to you, I would like to point out that you (0) be disconnected pay your subscription until your membership application has been processed and 8. The management will not Permit latecomers to enter the theatre until there is a approved, so those of you wbo joined at the fete last Saturday (l) provided cheques suitable break. on the spot our representative (2) accepted your cheques. I am returning them wlrere allowed necessary, with apologies for any inconvenience. 9 Why do we have to state ethnic origin on official forms these days? HFW was set up three years ago for two reasons: to lobby for the abolition of fox- required hunting - the founder members felt we (5) do this as the Hilverstone Hunt is so 10. There can be no doubt that the solicitor has received the information by now. powerful in this area - but also to plovide some protection for the urban foxes here who must (4) subsist on household scraps in some cases. Our meetings are fortni$htly but 11. It probably won't be dilficult to get tickets for the first night. please do not feel thatyou (5) attend each one. All our members, however, (6) should attend six meetings a year and at least two all-night watches. We (7) insist upon 12. It is essential that patients have not eaten or drunk anything for three hours before this to prevent alt of the wolk from falling on the shoulders of a few people. the operation. One or two words of advice: a lot of people interested in foxes attempt to domesticate must them by putting food down for them. Please - you (8) do this. For one thing, we (9) IV. Write four statements making deductions about each picture. Use the words encourage vermin under local by-laws (and foxes are classed as vermin), but also, and phrases underneath the pictures. The first one is given as an example (0). we (10) try to reintroduce these foxes to lheir natural habitat, as they ane not 0 (daughter) They must be waiting for their daughter. natu"ally domestic creatures. Please remember also that female foxes with young cubs 1. (on/train) She can't can be quite aggressive: children in particular (11) to go near them at this potentially 2. (miss/it) She must dangerous time. Finally, may I remind you that members of HFW (12) involved in 3. (child/mother) She must the Hilverstone Hunt for at least one year prior to j.oining 4. (phone/parents) She can't Thank you once again for your interest. I enclose a timetable of our meetings arrd events for the next three months, and look forward to welcomirrg you to one of them. Yours faithfully, Jonathan Harker III. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar in meaning as possible to the original sentence, but using the word(s) given. The word(s) must not be altered in any way. 0. It looks certain that the orchestra's instruments are arriving on a later plane. must The orchestra’s instruments must be arriving on a later plane. 1. I strongly recommend you to try this sundried tomato bread. must Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 17th, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS 10
5. 5. (rain) It must 6. (slip/banana skin) The man must 7. (not/wife) She can't ANSWER KEY 8. (ambulance) Someone must I. 1. do I have to 2. have to 3. must 4. will have to 5. obliged to 6. has to 7. supposed to 8. should 9. having to 10. needs 11. need to 12. Had to II. 1. A 2. 8 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. B III. 1. You must try this sundried tomato bread. 2. You don't have to get an 3. The government should not have tried to 4. You had better not chat up 5. We didn't need to book the table as 6. My hair's much too long. It needs cutting soon. 7. The gas supply must be disconnected before you remove the boiler/before the boiler is removed. 8. Latecomers will not be allowed to enter the theatre 9. Why are we required to state 10. The solicitor must have received V. Underline six (6) more mistakes to do with modal verbs or expressions from this 11. It should not be difficult unit, then correct them. 12. Patients must not have eaten or drunk anything. Minutes of Holmefield Neighbour Care Meeting IV. 1. She can't have been on the train. 1. Sergeant Dibden reminded us that we don't have to tackle a burglar if one mustn’t 2. She must have missed it. 2. enters our home as this can be very dangerous. He also reminded us that we 3. She must be the child's mother. 3. are supposed by law to inform the police and our insurance companies of all 4. She can't have phoned her parents. 4. keyholders after a break-in. 5. lt must have been raining. 5. Mrs Sanders from Twyfield close reported that she had been burgled two 6. The man must have slipped on the banana skin. 6. afternoons before. The burglar should have got in through an open downstairs 7. She can't be his wife. 7. window, although at that time of day there must be plenty of people 8. Someone must have phoned for an ambulance. 8. around who witnessed the break-in. You'd better report it to the police if you V. * Line 3: supposed => obliged / required 9. saw anything as it's our civic duty. * Line 6: should have got in => must have got in 10. Mr Harrison from Dukes Avenue was concerned that he hadn't taken up an * Line 7: there must be => there must have been 11. invitatlon from a securiry company to assess his house for security risks, but he * Line 8: You’d better report it => You should / ought to report it 12. was relieved to discover from Sergeant Dibden that he needn't have invited * Line 12: needn't have invited => didn't need to invite 13. them anyway, as the police can do security checks. * Line 14: need => need to 14. Finally, remember, if you need speak to a police officer, you can call Sergeant 15. Dibden at Holmefield police station at any time. Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 17th, 2019 GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS 10