Lý thuyết và bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 12 - Ngữ pháp: Đảo ngữ

Nội dung text: Lý thuyết và bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 12 - Ngữ pháp: Đảo ngữ

1. INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ) What is inversion? - Inversion is the reversal (đảo ngược) of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. There are two types of inversion: A. Subject-verb inversion, where the subject and the main verb switch positions (đổi vị trí) and the word order becomes verb + subject: On the top of the hill stood an old oak tree.(cây sồi) B. Subject-auxiliary inversion, where the subject and the auxiliary switch positions and the word order becomes auxiliary + subject (+ verb): Hardly had I arrived home when my phone rang. When does the bus leave? You're hungry, aren't you? A. Subject-verb inversion 1. Subject-verb inversion after place adverbials (trạng từ/trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn) When an adverb or an adverbial expression of place comes in the initial position (at the beginning of the sentence), the subject and verb are inverted: Down the hill rolled the children. Round the corner was a nice café. This is a rhetorical device (lối cường điệu) used mainly in formal and literary styles (văn chương); however, it may also occur in everyday conversation: Here comes the bus. There goes Sally. Here's my number. But if the subject is a personal pronoun, there is no inversion: Here it comes. There she goes. Here it is. 2. Subject-verb inversion in direct speech In direct speech, if the quotation precedes (câu trích dẫn) the reporting verb, the subject and the reporting verb can be inverted: "I'm so sorry," Maria said / said Maria. If the subject is long, usually there is inversion: "Good morning," said the stranger in the black jacket. But if the subject is a personal pronoun, there is no inversion: "Good morning," he said. 3. Subject-verb inversion in news headlines (tiêu đề tin tức) In news headlines, if the reporting verb is in the final position, the subject and the reporting verb may be inverted: AROMATHERAPY (cách chữa trị bằng xoa dầu thơm) HAS NO THERAPEUTIC EFFECT, SAY BRITISH SCIENTISTS (THERAPY n. niệu pháp, phương pháp chữa bệnh) B. Subject-auxiliary inversion 1. Subject-auxiliary inversion after negative adverbials 1a. HARDLY / SCARCELY / SELDOM / BARELY WHEN / NO SOONER THAN (vừa mới/chẳng mấy chốc thì) When a story is told in the past tense, the adverbials hardly, scarcely, barely and no sooner are often used to emphasise (nhấn mạnh) that one event quickly followed another. The verb describing the earlier event is usually in the past perfect tense. If hardly, scarcely, barely and no sooner are in the initial position, the subject and auxiliary are inverted: Hardly (vừa mới) had I arrived home when my phone rang. (I had hardly arrived home when my phone rang.) Scarcely (vừa mới) had she finished reading when she fell asleep. (She had scarcely finished reading when she fell asleep.) Barely (vừa mới) had they won the match when the coach had a heart attack. (They had barely won the match when the coach had a heart attack.) No sooner had the company launched (mở/khai trương) its new product than it went bankrupt (phá sản). (The company had no sooner launched its new product than it went bankrupt.) *Note that hardly, scarcely and barely are followed by when, while no sooner is followed by than. (Sooner is the comparative form of soon.) 1b. NEVER, RARELY, LITTLE, MANY A (nhiều) IN/UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES (không bất kỳ trường hợp nào), ON NO CONDITION, AT NO TIME (không bao giờ), ON NO ACCOUNT (tuyệt đối không ), IN NO WAY (chẳng cách nào), BY NO MEANS (hoàn toàn không), NOT ONLY BUT ALSO (không những mà còn) etc. When never, rarely, little etc. are placed at the beginning of the sentence for rhetorical effect, the subject and auxiliary are inverted: Never (before) have we faced such a challenge! (We have never faced such a challenge!) Rarely has there been so much speculation about the future of the company. (There has rarely been so much speculation about the future of the company.) Little did she understand what the conversation was about. (She didn't really understand what the conversation was about.) Under no circumstances (không bất kỳ hoản cảnh nào) are you allowed to disturb the pilots. (You are not allowed to disturb the pilots under any circumstances.) On no condition (chẳng lý do gì) will the company bear responsibility for lost property. (The company will not bear responsibility for lost property on any condition.) In no way (không cách gì) am I related to the suspect (kẻ tình nghi). (I am in no way related to the suspect. ) Not only did he exceed the speed limit, but he had also consumed alcohol. (He not only exceeded the speed limit, but he had also consumed alcohol.) Not only were you late, but you didn't even have a good excuse (lý do chính đáng). (You were not only late, but you didn't have a good excuse either.) 1c. ONLY AFTER (chỉ sau khi), ONLY IF (giá như, nếu), ONLY IN THIS WAY (chỉ bằng cách này), ONLY WHEN (chỉ khi) etc., NOT UNTIL (mãi đến khi), SO AS TO (để mà) When only after, only if, only in this way etc. are placed at the beginning of the sentence for rhetorical effect, the subject and auxiliary are inverted: Only after lunch can you play. (You can only play after lunch.) Only after finishing your homework can you play. (You can only play after you finish your homework.) Only after you have finished your homework can you play. (You can only play after you have finished your homework.) Only by (chỉ có cách) guessing can you solve this puzzle. (You can only solve this puzzle by guessing.) Only if (nếu như) everybody agreed would I accept this position. (I would only accept this position if everybody agreed.) Only in this way (chỉ bằng cách này) does this machine work. (This machine only works in this way.) Only then (Chỉ khi ấy) did they discover his secret. (They only discovered his secret then.) Only when (chỉ đến khi) he needed some help did he call me. (He only called me when he needed some help.) So as to find out the blue for case(để tìm được bằng chứng cho vụ án) did the inspector try to break into robber's house. Only when I filled my glass did I notice that it was broken. (I only noticed that my glass was broken when I filled it.) The last sentence can be rephrased (viết lại) as: Not until (mãi đến lúc) I filled my glass did I notice that it was broken. (I didn't notice that my glass was broken until I filled it.) If only is followed by the subject at the beginning of the sentence, there is no inversion: Only you can understand. (No one else can understand.) 2. Subject-auxiliary inversion after SO + adverb / adjective and SUCH (so, such + that đến nỗi ) When adverbial or adjectival phrases starting with so are placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphatic effect, the subject and auxiliary are inverted:
2. So quickly did he run that the others couldn't catch up with (theo kịp) him. (He ran so quickly that the others couldn't catch up with him.) So strong was the wind that we couldn't open the window. (The wind was so strong that we couldn't open the window.) So + adjective can be replaced with such: Such was the wind that we couldn't open the window. (The wind was such that we couldn't open the window.) 3. Subject-auxiliary inversion in questions Questions are formed from statements by inverting the subject and auxiliary. In the present and past simple, the auxiliaries do/does and did come before the subject, which is followed by the bare infinitive. Be as a main verb can also come before the subject: Statement Question You can help me. You have lived here for some time. Can you help me? How long have you lived here? You would have done the same. You are staying at this hotel. Would you have done the same? Are you staying at this hotel? She likes skating. They arrived yesterday. I am late. Does she like skating? When did they arrive? Am I late? 4. Subject-auxiliary inversion in question tags Question tags are placed after declarative sentences (câu tuyên bố) and are usually used in spoken language to keep up (duy trì) the flow (dòng chảy) of conversation. Affirmative sentences are usually followed by negative tags and expect the answer yes: "You are hungry, aren't you?" "Yes, I am." Negative sentences are usually followed by affirmative tags and expect the answer no: "You cannot stay longer, can you?" "No, I really can't." We use rising intonation in the tag to ask for information. But if we don't really expect an answer because the statement is obviously true, we use falling intonation: You are hungry, aren't you? (with rising intonation –lên giọng = Are you hungry?) You are hungry, aren't you? (with falling intonation –xuống giọng = I know you are hungry.) Sometimes we use affirmative tags after affirmative sentences to express interest or concern or to ask for confirmation: So you've inherited a mansion, have you? (interest) I must get there by ten, must I? (asking for confirmation) A negative statement with an affirmative tag can also express disapproval (không đồng tình): You don't really think I'll let you get away with it, do you? (I hope you don't think I'll let you get away with it.) In negative tags, not can come after the pronoun in formal styles or for emphasis: I am right, am I not? That's my pen, is it not? They placed an order, did they not? - Imperatives : Open the door, will/won’t you? Don't speak like that, will you? - Suggestions : Let's dance, shall we? - THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE This is great, isn't it?That's a nice dress, isn't it? These pancakes are delicious, aren't they? Those are quite fresh, aren't they? - EVERYBODY, SOMEBODY, NOBODY, ANYBODY Everybody likes her, don't they? Nobody knew the answer, did they? (negative statement with affirmative tag) Anybody could do that, couldn't they? Somebody should do something about this, shouldn't they? - EVERYTHING, SOMETHING, NOTHING, ANYTHING : Nothing could disturb her, could it? - AREN'T I? : I'm late, aren't I? - THERE IS/THERE ARE : There is something you want to say, isn't there? There weren't any policemen at the demonstration, were there? 5. Subject-auxiliary inversion in echo tags (câu hỏi lại) Echo tags are said in reaction to an affirmative or negative statement. They are formed in the same way as question tags (with the inversion of the subject and auxiliary), but an affirmative statement is followed by an affirmative tag and a negative statement is followed by a negative tag: "I'm so hungry!" "Oh, are you?" "I'm sorry, I can't stay any longer." "Can't you?" "They always have lunch at 12." "Do they really?" "My sister has just passed her driving test." "Has she?" Rising intonation in the tag can express interest, while falling intonation can show indifference. 6. Subject-auxiliary inversion with SO (cũng vậy, cũng thế) and NEITHER/NOR(cũng không) to express agreement (đồng tình) So + auxiliary + subject is added to a positive statement to express agreement, and neither/nor + auxiliary + subject is added to a negative statement for the same purpose: I suggested that he should take the job, and so did all his friends. (his friends also suggested that he should take the job) Everybody knows that, and so should you. (you should know that, too) "I love South Korean films." "Really? So do I." (I also love South Korean films) "I am not going to Andy's party tonight." "Neither/nor is Susan." (Susan isn't going either) "My family have never been on a holiday abroad." "Neither/nor have mine." (my family haven't been either) If we want to express disagreement, there is no inversion: "I love South Korean films." "I don't." "I am not going to Andy's party tonight." "Susan is." Revision questions: inversion • What is the difference between subject-verb and subject-auxiliary inversion? - verb+subject (without auxiliary verb); auxiliary+subject+verb (with auxiliary verb) • Why is the following sentence incorrect? There goes she. –Because ‘she’ is a pronoun. The sentence must be : There she goes. • Why do we use the past perfect tense with hardly, barely, scarcely and no sooner? – Because the verbs of the subordinate clauses to which they belong happen first. • Is no sooner followed by when, then or than? Why? – ‘No sooner’ is followed by ‘than’ because ‘sooner’ is the comparative of ‘soon’. • When is there no inversion in a sentence starting with only? – When ‘only’ is followed by the subject at the beginning of the sentence. • Which type of inversion is used in questions? – The ‘auxiliary+subject+verb’ is.