Lý thuyết và bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 12 - Ngữ pháp: Subordinate Clauses

Nội dung text: Lý thuyết và bài tập Tiếng Anh Lớp 12 - Ngữ pháp: Subordinate Clauses

1. S u b o r d i n a t e C l a u s e s A. Recognizing Clauses Consider these examples: clause : cows eat grass This example is a clause, because it contains the subject "cows" and the predicate "eat grass." phrase : cows eating grass What about "cows eating grass"? This noun phrase could be a subject, but it has no predicate attached to it: the adjective phrase "eating grass" show which cows the writer is referring to, but there is nothing here to show why the writer is mentioning cows in the first place. Clause : cows eating grass are visible from the highway This is a complete clause again. The subject "cows eating grass" and the predicate "are visible from the highway" make up a complete thought. Clause : Run! This single-word command is also a clause, even though it does seem to have a subject. With a direct command, it is not necessary to include the subject, since it is obviously the person or people you are talking to: in other words, the clause really reads "[You] run!". You should not usually use direct commands in your essays, except in quotations. Practice : Identifying Clauses Some of the following passages are clauses, while others are simply phrases. Mark C for clause and P for phrase. 1. I love to eat Montréal bagels 2. the big, bad wolf 3. rode the bus to Halifax 4. they were thinking about the language issue 5. the student considering everything written on this subject 6. stay on the Trans-Canada highway through British Columbia 7. after the morning rush hour 8. they hate politics 9. because of the coat which I bought in the West Edmonton Mall 10. when the train arrived at the station B. Using Clauses as Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs If a clause can stand alone as a sentence, it is an independent clause, as in the following example: Independent : The Prime Minister is in Ottawa. Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as sentences: in this case, they are dependent clauses or subordinate clauses. Consider the same clause with the subordinating conjunction "because" added to the beginning: Dependent : when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa In this case, the clause could not be a sentence by itself, since the conjunction "because" suggests that the clause is providing an explanation for something else. Since this dependent clause answers the question "when," just like an adverb, it is called a dependent adverb clause (or simply an adverb clause, since adverb clauses are always dependent clauses). Note how the clause can replace the adverb "tomorrow" in the following examples: Adverb : The committee will meet tomorrow. adverb clause : The committee will meet when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa. Dependent clauses can stand not only for adverbs, but also for nouns and fore adjectives. 1. Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?" Consider the following examples: Adjective : the red coat Adjective clause : the coat which I bought yesterday Like the word "red" in the first example, the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday" in the second example modifies the noun "coat." Note that an adjective clause usually comes after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before. In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns "who(m)," "that," or "which." In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing: Informal : The books people read were mainly religious. Formal: The books that people read were mainly religious. Informal : Some firefighters never meet the people they save. Formal : Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save. Here are some more examples of adjective clauses: the meat which they ate was tainted This clause modifies the noun "meat" and answers the question "which meat?". about the movie which made him cry This clause modifies the noun "movie" and answers the question "which movie?".
2. they are searching for the one who borrowed the book The clause modifies the pronoun "one" and answers the question "which one?". Did I tell you about the author whom I met? The clause modifies the noun "author" and answers the question "which author?". 2. Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?", etc. Types of adverb clauses : Subordination conjunctions : Time : after, before, until, while, since, as, when, whenever, whereas Place : where. wherever Cause : because, since, as, now that Result : so that, such that Purpose : so that, in order that Condition : if, unless, in case, except that Concession : though, although, even though, whether or not Comparison : more than, as as, less than Manner : as if, as though Adverb : The Prime Minister gave a speech here. Adverb phrase : The Prime Minister gave a speech at the square. adverb clause : The Prime Minister gave a speech where the workers were striking. Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever)," "since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an adverb clause. Note that a dependent adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence: independent clause : they left the locker room dependent adverb clause : after they left the locker room The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot the reader will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition: Cause : Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's father. Effect : Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged. Time : After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him. Place : Where the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his uncle's guilt. Condition : If the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union. Comparison : Mary sings more often than she dances. Manner : The woman treated the little boy as if he were (was) her son. Practice : A. Choose the correct answer. 1 We keep our bread in the fridge, ___ it doesn't go bad. a. since b. so that c. although d. after 2 The five-cent coin looks very Canadian, ___ it has a picture of a beaver on it. a. since b. so that c. though d. before 3 ___ Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last a long time. a. because b. in order that c. although d. after 4 You should give the iron time to heat up ___ you iron your clothes. a. because b. so that c. before d. since 5 You need proper shoes to go hiking in the mountains, ___ the ground is rough and hard. a. because b. so that c. even though d. before 6 Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing ___ they don't get hurt. a. because b. in order that c. though d. after 7 You will have to pay higher insurance ___ you buy a sports car. a. if b. so that c. although d. before 8 You shouldn't drive ___ you drink alcohol. a. if b. in order that c. even though d. after 9 ___ the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish it's a mammal. a. whether b. so that c. although d. after 10 You may get malaria ___ you are bitten by a mosquito. a. if b. so that c. though d. before B. Cause and Effect Relationships 1. Because he was tired, he scored poorly on the exam, ___ into the university.
3. a. this will cause him to not be admitted c. a fact which will cause him to not be admitted b. this is a fact which will cause him to not be admitted d. a fact which will cause him to not admit 2. ___ the TOEFL with a score of 550, he will be admitted into the university. a. Now that he passes c. Now, he has passed b. That he has passed d. Now that he has passed 3. Since July 4th is a holiday, ___ have to go to work. a. so we do not c. as a result, we do not b. we do not d. thus, we do not 4. Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his company. a. and he needed c. which he needed b. because he needed d. because he need 5. ___, he will return back to the United States to study English. a. Had Yousef taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia c. Now that Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia b. Now that Yousef has taken care his business in Saudi Arabia d. Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia but 6. ___ have to work today, we should go to Laguna Beach. a. For we do not c. Since we do not b. We do not d. Since we do no 7. Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit ill. a. she is c. because she is b. because she d. which is she is 8. ___, the temperature should begin dropping. a. Now that the sun setting c. The sun setting b. Now that the sun set d. Now that the sun has set 9. ___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skills. a. Learn how to write c. Learning how to write b. Learning how write d. Learning how to write it is 10. ___, the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think, read, and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interest. a. A requirement at most universities c. A requirement at most universities it is b. It is a requirement at most universities d. Requirement at most universities 11. ___ over, I am ready to enter the job market, so I will begin to send out my résumé to prospective employers. a. Now that my universities studies have been c. Now that my universities studies are b. Now, that my universities studies are d. My universities studies are 12. Waldo, ___, has learned a great deal of English since he came to the U.S. a. he is a practicing lawyer from Chile c. a practicing lawyer from Chile b. who a practicing lawyer is from Chile d. a practicing lawyer from Chile who 13. Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon, most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioned. a. which involved in running c. involved in running b. involving in running d. involved in run 14. ___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks, you are ready to run a marathon. a. You have trained at a rate of c. Now that you have trained at a rate of so b. Now that you have trained at a rate of d. Now that you train at a rate 15. He hasn't lifted any weights ___ his right arm. a. since he injures c. since he injure b. since he injured d. , he injured 16. ___ any trout yet, she is going to change the bait she is using. a. Because Ivy has not catched c. Because Ivy has not caught b. Ivy has not caught d. Because Ivy had not caught 17. Alfredo, ___ high academic aspirations, cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployed. a. has c. who has b. who he has d. have had 18. ___ Asian economic crisis, it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their bills. a. The c. Since the b. Because the d. Since 19. Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured driver. a. involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchange c. involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging b. involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchanging d. involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging 20. Now that India is approaching one billion people, it will soon surpass China as the world's most populated country, ___. a. a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists like c. which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists b. this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike alike d. a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike
4. C. Conditional Meanings 1. I will be at my friend's house in ___ call me. a. case you should need to c. which you should need to b. case you should need d. that you should need to 2. ___ enough time, I exercise every day. a. Had I c. If have I b. Whereas I have d. If I have 3. In the event that you should fail the first writing assignment for this class, I ___ you one more week to revise. a. would give c. will have given b. will give d. give 4. John would exercise more ___ time. a. have he more c. if he had more b. because he more had d. if he had many 5. Even___, I'm going to Newport Beach. a. the weather is cold c. if the weather is cold b. if the weather cold is d. if the cold weather is 6. If John had had more time, he ___ the report. a. will have finished c. would finish b. would have finished d. would have finish 7. I will go swimming tomorrow ___. a. because it is too cold c. unless too cold it is b. unless it is too cold d. unless it too is cold 8. ___, I always get a headache in the afternoon. a. If I skip breakfast and lunch c. Skip I breakfast and lunch b. If I breakfast and lunch skip d. If to skip breakfast and lunch 9. Only if it rains continuously for three hours ___ the baseball game. a. the officials will cancel c. will the officials cancel b. will cancel the officials d. the officials cancel 10. ___, I wouldn't give so many tests. a. Was I teaching this class c. If I were teaching this class b. If I were this class teaching d. If I was teaching this class 11. If anyone shoplifts in Walmart, ___ to the fullest extent of the law. a. they will be prosecuted c. he/she will be prosecute b. he/she will prosecuted d. he/she will be prosecuted 12. I would have helped John ___ me about his problem. a. if had he told c. had he told b. if he had tell d. told he 13. ___, I will post all urgent phone numbers on the refrigerator. a. In which case you have an emergency while I am gone c. In case you have an emergency while I am gone b. In that you have an emergency while I am gone d. You have an emergency while I am gone In case 14. ___ right now, I would go out for a walk. a. Were it not raining c. If it was not raining b. Was it not raining d. Were it not rain 15. The police officers are ready to come to your house in the event that your ex-husband should violate the restraining order ___ you have filed against him. a. in which c. that b. who d. what 16. If she had not been in the liquor store at approximately 3:50 pm, ___ been murdered. a. she will not have c. in which case she would not have b. she would not have d. she would not 17. You cannot study at this university ___ you have an F-1 Visa. a. unless c. which. b. despite d. that 18. If I ___ truth about his ex-wife, he would not be so angry now. a. initially told Jim the c. had initially told Jim b. have initially told Jim the d. had initially told Jim the 19. I will exercise whether ___. a. it rain or not c. it rains or not b. rains or not d. it rains 20. She studied all night to prepare; ___ the test. a. otherwise; she would have failed c. otherwise, she will have failed b. otherwise, she would fail d. otherwise, she would have failed
5. 3. Noun Clauses A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of averb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". Consider the following examples: Noun : I know Latin. noun clause: I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as the direct object of the verb "know." In the second example, the entire clause "that Latin " is the direct object. In fact, many noun clauses are indirect questions: Noun : Their destination is unknown. noun clause : Where they are going is unknown. The question "Where are they going?," with a slight change in word order, becomes a noun clause when used as part of a larger unit like the noun "destination," the clause is the subject of the verb "is." Here are some more examples of noun clauses: about what you bought at the mall. This noun clause is the object of the preposition "about," and answers the question "about what?" Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it. This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will have to pay," and answers the question "who will have to pay?" The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again. This noun clause is the object of the verb "hope," and answers the question "what do the fans hope?" 1. Noun Clauses as Subjects Some noun clauses are that-clauses that have a subject and a verb. There is no comma between the main clause and the that-clause. That several students came late to class annoyed the professor. The fact that you are from South America made you ideal for the job. It is common in speaking to move the noun clause to the end of the sentence and to put it in the subject position. It annoyed the teacher that Albert smoked in class. 2. Noun Clauses as Objects In this case, the word that is put before the clause, but it is not required The teacher reported that Albert smoked in class. or The teacher reported that Albert smoked in class. - Object of a verb : Dr. Aust reported that Emily danced in class. - Object of a preposition : I don’t believe in what he says. - Object of an adjective : I’m happy that you have won the prize. 3. Noun Clauses as Complements : Now, this town is no longer what it used to be. 3. Noun Clauses made from Questions Questions can made into noun clauses and become subjects and objects. Noun clauses that are made from information question usually begin with the question word : what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whose, when, whenever, where, wherever, why, how (+ adjective : much, many, long, etc. or + adverb), whether, whether or not. Amanda wondered why Nick broke up with her. It is a mystery why Nick broke up with Amanda. Whatever you have belongs to me from now on. I don’t know how well he can drive. Noun clauses that are made from yes-no questions begin with if, whether Amanda wonders if Nick will talk to her again. it is unknown whether the weather will be warm or rainy. Whether he will come or not is unknown. 4. Reported Speech- Pronouns We can tell about what someone said in two ways. We can use the exact words of the speaker or writer. This is called quoted speech. We must put quotations marks at the beginning and at the end of the quote. For example: "I don't like your attitude," Joanna said to Jill. Another way to tell about what someone said is to change the quote into a noun phrase. This is called reported speech. For example: Jill said that it wasn't his fault. 5. Reported Speech-Statements The most common verbs used to report statements are say and tell. When tell is used in reporting speech, it is always followed by a noun or a pronoun indicating the person spoken to. Mike said that we were going to the beach on the weekend. Mike told us that we were going to the beach on the weekend. Other reported speech verbs commonly used are: add, admit, claim, declare, explain, indicate, mention, observe, state, reply, point out, etc. it is important to note that if a statement was put into reported speech, the reporting verb is usually in the simple past and the verb in the reported statement is usually changed to a past tense. Simple past > simple past; present progressive > past progressive; present perfect > past perfect; will > would; can > could "You are working hard," my teacher said to me. > The teacher announced that I was working hard. 6. Reported Speech- Questions Yes/No questions in reported speech begin with the word if or whether. Information questions (Who, what, etc.) in reported speech begin with the question word and also use the statement word order.
6. The most common verb to report questions is ask. "Is the fire under control?" (Mike to John) > Mike asked John if/whether the fire was under control. "How did you pass the test?" Mary to Pete. > Mary asked Pete how he had past the test. 7. Reported Speech-Imperatives When we report orders, suggestions, or requests, we can use a verb like tell, order, request, ask, warn, urge plus a noun or pronoun followed by an infinitive. "Drive carefully," the man said to Cris. > The man told Cris to drive carefully. "Don't touch the art works," the teacher warned the kids. > The teacher warned the kids not to touch the art works. Practice : A. Noun, Adjective, and Adverb Clauses See if you can determine the function of the bold dependent clause in each of the following passages. Remember that a noun clause answers questions like "who(m)?" or "what?"; an adjective clause answers questions like "which (one)?"; and an adverb clause answers questions like "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?". 1. Some people buy expensive cars simply because they can. a. noun clause a. noun clause b. adjective clause b. adjective clause c. adverb clause c. adverb clause 7. Canada might give up its marketing boards if the European 2. Many people hope that Canada can resolve its economic Community gives up its grain subsidies. problems. a. noun clause a. noun clause b. adjective clause b. adjective clause c. adverb clause c. adverb clause 8. That is the place where Wolfe's and Montcalm's armies fought. 3. The bankers need to know what they should do. a. noun clause a. noun clause b. adjective clause b. adjective clause c. adverb clause c. adverb clause 9. Unless the crown can make a better case, the accused murderer 4. Which one is the person who stole your car? will not be convicted. a. noun clause a. noun clause b. adjective clause b. adjective clause c. adverb clause c. adverb clause 5. Wherever there is a large American city, there will be poverty. 10. It is important to ask whether the wedding is formal or semi- a. noun clause formal. b. adjective clause a. noun clause c. adverb clause b. adjective clause 6. The books which the professor assigned were very expensive. c. adverb clause B. Combine the two sentence to make one. 1. How is John feeling?. Hellen wanted to know 2. Could you and Eric come to class on Monday. Dr. Aust asked 3. What does the letter say?. He asked 4. Costa Rica does not have a navy. It is interesting 5. "I don't feel good." Al said. C. Which sentence is correct? 1. A. Why Sam is always late is a mystery to me. 6. "I need a vacation." Pete says. B. That Sam is always late is a mystery to me. A. Peter said that he needed a vacation. C. Both are correct. B. Peter says that he needs a vacation. 2. A. Whether they will come is unknown. 7. "I may leave." Mike said. B. It is unknown if they will come. A. Mike said that he may leave. C. Both are correct. B. Mike said that he might leave. 3. A. Can you tell me what time it is? 8. " She´ll call you tonight." He indicated. B. Could you tell me what is the time? A. He indicated that she would call you tonight. C. Both are correct. B. He indicated that she will call you tonight. 4. A. I don´t know what does she do. 9. " Why was she in bed?" they asked. B. I don´t know what she does. A. They asked why she was in bed. C. Both are correct. B. They asked why she had been in bed. 5. Could you tell me ? 10. " How did the fire begin?" the police asked. A. where is the supermarket A. The police asked how the fire had begun. B. where the supermarket is B. The police asked how the fire began. C. Both are correct.