Những cặp gây nhầm lần trong Tiếng Anh - Phần 3 - Thấm Tâm Vy

Nội dung text: Những cặp gây nhầm lần trong Tiếng Anh - Phần 3 - Thấm Tâm Vy

1. ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS ~ 03 - The hot weather had made travelling impossible except in the cool of the morning raise, rise, arise before the sun rose. You use raise, rise, and arise to talk about moving upwards. If you raise something, - We led almost completely separate existences, except when we came together to you move it so that it is in a higher position. Raise is a regular transitive verb. The past climb. tense and past participle are raised. You use except for in front of a noun group when you are mentioning something that - He began to raise a massive fist. prevents a statement from being completely true. - Raise the legs, trying to lift the thighs off the floor. - The classrooms were silent, except for the busy scratching ofpens on paper. - Hooper raised his camera and pressed the button. - 1 had absolutely no friends except for Tom. If something rises, it moves upwards. For example, if smoke rises, it moves up towards Unless is a conjunction and is followed by a clause. You use unless to introduce the the sky. Rise is an irregular intransitive verb. The past tense is rose and the past circumstances in which something will not take place or is not true. In the first example participle is risen. below, the statement ‘there was something wrong with Louise’, would not be true tf the - In the distance he could see the smoke from his bonfire rising up in a white column. speaker had made a mistake, otherwise it would be true. - Clouds of birds rose from the tree-tops. - Unless I was mistaken, there was something wrong with Louise. If you rise, you get out of bed or you stand up after sitting, kneeling, or lying down. - In the 1940s and 1950s, a woman was not properly dressed unless she wore gloves. This is a formal use. - You must not give compliments unless you mean them. - She could not have told you at what time she had risen that morning or how she You use besides to introduce further things in addition to those you are mentioning. made her way to the station. - Soft fruit will give you, besides a lot of pleasure, a source of vitamins. - When he saw us arrive, he attempted to rise but couldn’t quite make it. However, if you talk about ‘the only person besides me’, or ‘the only thing besides - Ash had bowed, knelt and risen in imitation of the other worshippers. that’, you are referring to the only other person or thing in a particular situation or Arise can also be used to say that someone gets out of bed or that they stand up after context. sitting, kneeling, or lying down. When arise is used like this, it is very old-fashioned or - He was now the only person besides Gertrude herself who regularly talked to Guy. literary. Arise is an irregular intransitive verb. The past tense is arose and the past participle is arisen. * - I arose at six. * * - He arose to greet her. expect, wait for, look forward to • Raise and rise can also be used as nouns. A rise is an increase in an amount or When you expect someone, you think that they are going to arrive. When you expect quantity. something, you think that it is going to happen or arrive. - price rises. - 1 had sent a postcard saying I was coming so they were expecting me. - the rise in crime. - We are expecting rain. In British English, a rise is also an increase in someone’s wages or salary. - I’ll pay for it as soon as the money I’m expecting from Florence arrives. - He went to ask for a rise. When you wait for someone or something, you remain in the same place or delay In American English, this is called a raise. doing something until they arrive or happen. - He thought about asking his boss for a raise. - Whisky was served while we waited for Tâm Vy. - We got offthe plane and waited for our luggage. * - They waited for orders to begin. * * When you look forward to something that is going to happen or that you are going to except, except for, unless, besides experience, you feel happy because you think you will enjoy it. Except is normally followed by a noun group. You use except with a statement to - I always looked forward to Charlene Mitchell’s visits. introduce the only things, people, or ideas that your statement does not apply to. In the - I’ll bet you’re looking forward to that hot Phan Rang sun. example below, the only thing that did not relax was the person’s right hand. * - All of his body relaxed except his right hand. * * Except can also be followed by prepositional phrases and clauses of time, place, and fairly, quite, rather manner. Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 17th, 2020 ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS 03.
2. Fairly, quite, and rather are all used to say to what extent something is true. For After ‘too’ and ‘so’, you have to use many. example, tf you want to say how big something is, you can say that it is fairly big, quite - She had been most afraid of living like her mother, too many children, too little big, or rather big. money. If something is described as fairly big, it is at least as big as you would expect or need - I had spent my entire life with so many books I wanted to read and no time to do it it to be, but not as big as other things like it. Note that when an adjective like ‘big’ in. comes before a noun, you talk about ‘a fairly big thing’. You also use many in the phrase ‘as many as’. - There’s a loafof fairly fresh bread. - His ambition now is to win as many tournaments as he can. - Her hair had been growing, but she had decided to keep it cut fairly short. - I cannot claim to have talked to as many people as he does. - I suppose we’d better get going fairly soon, hadn’t we? In spoken English, many often sounds formal in affirmative sentences in which it does - We live in a fairly rural area. not follow ‘too’ or ‘so’, or in which it is not part of the phrase ‘as many as’. If something is described as quite big, it is usually bigger than something that is However, it does not sound formal in negative sentences, or in questions. described as fairly big, and bigger than most other things like it. You can say that - When you first go there, not many people talk to you. something is quite big when you want to express surprise at how big it is. Note that - How many times must I tell you? when an adjective like ‘big’ comes before a noun, you usually talk about In writing, many can be used as a pronoun to refer to a large number of people or ‘quite a big thing’ but you can also say ‘a quite big thing’. things. This use of many is fairly formal. You do not normally use ‘a lot’ in this way. - It was quite dark by now, and there was no moon. - In the Hong Kong camps alone, there are over 20,000 people. Many have been - The dog turned on her more than once and bit her quite severely. there for five or ten years and have nowhere to go back to. - It was quite a long climb up the white, chalky road to the cemetery. - Many were still lying where they had been injured. - She did so in a quite detached way. When you want to talk about a large number of the people or things in a particular If something is described as rather big, it is usually bigger than something that is group, you can use many of or a lot of followed by a plural pronoun or by a plural noun described as quite big. If you say something is rather big, you are emphasizing how group which begins with ‘the’, ‘these’, ‘those’, or a possessive. big it is, and you may even be suggesting that it is too big. Note that when an adjective - A fot of them are married women. like ‘big’ comes before a noun, you can talk about either ‘a rather big - Many of his are still available. thing’ or ‘rather a big thing’. Rather can also be followed by words like ‘too’ or ‘more’ - .the great dream many of us had thirty years ago. and by comparative forms of adjectives. - We had already heard a lot of these songs at least once. - Its apparent simplicity and reliability are rather deceptive. You use many or a lot in front of a noun group beginning with ‘more’ to emphasize - She got rather angry with me when I fried to intervene. the difference in size between two groups of people or things, or between the same - He put an arm out and his father rather shakily took it as they began to walk. group of people or things at different times. - They had a rather sad look. - I know many more country people than I do town people. - I have had rather a sad life. - There are many more training courses on offer. - In the second year two rather more specialised subjects are chosen from a total of - There is still room for a lot more people. seven. - There will be a lot more flights. You use much or a lot of in front of an uncount noun to talk about a large quantity or * amount of something. Much is not usually used like this in affirmative sentences, * * because it sounds very formal. However, it does not sound formal in negative sentences, many, a lot of, a lot, much or in questions. Many, a lot of, a lot, and much are all used to talk about large numbers of people or - I didn’t seem to have much strength left in my hands. things, or large quantities or amounts. - Is this going to make much difference? You use many or a lot of in front of a plural count noun to talk about a large number of - He’s lost a lot of weight. people or things. However, you have to use much after ‘too’ and ‘so’ and in the phrase ‘as much as’, - There must be many men who do not want to change these attitudes. even in affirmative sentences. Much does not sound formal when used in this way. - There were many complex problems to be solved. - It gave the Preskient too much power. - A lot of people thought it wasfunny. - There’s so much pain in the world. - You've done them a lot of favours. - It absorbs as much heat as possible. Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 17th, 2020 ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS 03.
3. Much or a lot can be used as a pronoun to refer to a large quantity or amount of Grammar something. This use of much sounds formal in affirmative sentences. When the subject of a sentence consists of a lot of followed by a plural noun group, - There wasn’t much to do. the verb which follows is plural. When the subject consists of a lot of followed by an - I suppose they learned a lot by doing it. uncount noun group, the verb which follows is singular. - a dog who has lived long, and experienced much. - Quừe a lot of people at work think I’m rather lucky to be your daughter. When you want to talk about a large quantity or amount of a particular thing, you can - A lot of the arable land was under used and poorly tended. use much of or a lot of followed by ‘it’, ‘this’, or ‘that’, or by a noun group which You can use ‘there are’ or ‘there were’ in front of a lot of when it is followed by a begins with ‘the’, ‘this’, ‘that’, or a possessive. plural noun group. You can use ‘there is’ or ‘there was’ in front of a lot of when it is - I still remember much of it in some detail. followed by an uncount noun group. - A lot of this is shared accommodation. - There are a lot of companies whose profits are going to disappear if things remain - One thousand years ago thick forests covered much of the UK. the same. - Caroline devoted much of her life to education. - There were a lot of people about. You use much or a lot in front of a noun group beginning with ‘more’ or ‘less’ to - There is a lot of corruption. emphasize the difference between two quantities or amounts. - There was a lot of business to sort through. - Children, whose bones are growing, need much more calcium than adults. Other words - It has led to divorce and a life with much less time for her child. In writing, you often use ‘a great deal of’ instead of much in front of an uncount noun - He had gained a lot more sleep than the others. group in affirmative sentences. Similarly, you often use ‘a great number of’ instead of - You can stay on the island for a lot less money. many in front of a plural noun group in affirmative sentences. These phrases are slightly You use much or a lot in front of comparative adjectives and adverbs, and in front of more formal than ‘a lot of’, but not as formal as much or many. adjectives and adverbs that are preceded by ‘less’, in order to emphasize the difference - He said a great deal ofinformation had been provided by the American authorities. between two people or things. - Among the horsemen were a great number ofofficers. - She was much older than me. In conversation, you can use lots of instead of a lot of, and lots instead of a lot. - Unfortunately the aim is a lot more limited than the experts realize. - He has lots of friends. - Mrs Salt’s statement should have been disclosed much earlier. - I have lots to do. - It is much less likely. You use very much or a lot as an adverb to say that something is true to a great extent. - I enjoyed it very much. - You like Ralph a lot, don’t you? In clauses that do not have an object but which are followed by a ‘that’-clause or a .to be continued ‘to’-infinitive, you can use very much, but not ‘a lot’, to add emphasis to a verb. - We very much hope he’ll continue to be able to represent you. - He would like very much to write to Dennis himself. You do not use ‘much’ without ‘very’ in affirmative sentences to say that something is true to a great extent. However, you can use it without ‘very’ in negative sentences. - The situation isn’t likely to change much. - I didn’t like him much. You can use much in negative sentences and questions to mean ‘often’. A lot can be used to mean ‘often’ in negative sentences, questions, and affirmative sentences. - She doesn’t talk about them much. - Does he come here much? - They talk a lot about equality. Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 17th, 2020 ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS 03.