Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 12

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1. MỤC LỤC Trang I. Lý do chọn đề tài 3 II. Giải pháp thực tế giúp học sinh học Viết lại câu hiệu quả 4 1. Lập kế hoạch cho từng tiết dạy, buổi dạy: 4 2. Thực hiện tốt tiến trình dạy Viết lại câu 4 3.1.1. Past simple present perfect 4 3.1.2. Cách biến đổi Although Despite/ In spite of 6 3.1.3. THE CONDITIONAL(CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN) 7 3.1.4. PASSIVE VOICE 9 3.1.5. INVERSION 12 3.1.6. SUBJUNCTIVES (THỂ GIẢ ĐỊNH) 16 3.1.7. TIME CLAUSES 17 3.1.8. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 17 3.1.9 . SO ADJ/ADV THAT / SUCH AN/AN + ADJ+ N + THAT 19 3.1.10. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 20 3.1.11. REPORTED SPEECH 20 3.2. MỘT SỐ TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU 24 3.2.1. Dạng chuyển đổi giữa động từ và danh từ chỉ người. 24 3.2.1. go up/ rise/ increase /fall/ decrease/ decline/drop  N: rise/ 24 increase/fall/ decrease/ decline 3.2.3 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SURPRISE 25 3.2.4 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ INTEND 25 3.2.5 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ DIFFICULT 25 3.2.6 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SUCCEED/ MANAGE/ FAIL 26 3.2.7 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ LIKELY 27 3.2.8 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANCE/ OPPORTUNITY 27 3.2.9 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ POSSIBLE 27 3.2.10 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANGE 28 3.2.11. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SEEM 28 3.2.12. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ MIND 28 3.2.13. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ NECESSARY 29 3.2.14. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ EXPECT 29 3.2.15. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ PREVENT/ STOP 30 3.2.16. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ WORTH/ POINT/ USE/ WASTE 30 3.2.17. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SPEND/TAKE TIME 30 3.3. Bài tập áp dụng 32 3.4. Đáp Án 49 III. KẾT LUẬN 59 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 60 ©Copyright Đỗ Bình – Lien Son High School – Lap Thach – Vinh Phuc - www.violet.vn/quocbinh72 Page 1
2. 3. MỘT SỐ DẠNG NGỮ PHÁP, TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU. 3.1. MỘT SỐ DẠNG NGỮ PHÁP THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU 3.1.1. Viết lại câu thực hiện chuyển đổi từ Thì quá khứ đơn sang thì hiện tại hoàn thành và ngược lại 3.1.1.1. This is the first time S have/has + (ever) + Vpp/ Ved + (O)/ Adv S have/ has never Vpp Vpp/ Ved + (O)/ Adv before Example: This is the first time I have seen him. I have . I have never seen him before. 3.1.1.2. The last time + S + past simple was + time + ago/ in+ time S + have/ has + not + Ved/Vpp for/ since + time Example: The last time she visited us was two years ago. She hasn't She hasn't visited us for two years. Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since . 3.1.1.3. S + last + past simple time + ago /in + time/ when + S + past simple S + have/ has + not + Ved/Vpp for/ since + time Example: I last saw him when I was a student. I have not I haven't seen him since I was a student. Mẫu này có dạng : Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since . 3.1.1.4. S + began/ started + V-ing/ To V . in+time/ time+ago/ when S + past simple S + have/has + Ved/3 since/ for + time have/ has + been + V-ing . I started / began studying English 3 years ago. I have . I have studied English for 3 years. / I have been studying English for 3 years. Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giữ nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since . 3.1.1.5. It’s + time + since + S + (last) + past simple S + have/ has + (not) + Ved/Vpp for + time Example: It's ten years since I last met him. I have not . I haven't met him for ten years . 3.1.1.6. When did + S + V0 .? How long is it since + S + past simple ? 2
3. have/ has + S + Ved/Vpp ? Example When did you buy it ? How long How long have you bought it? 3.1.1.7. It/this/that is the + Adj (superlative) + S + have + ever + Ved/Vpp S + have/ has + never + Ved/Vpp + such (a/ an) + Adj + N + (before) This is the most delicious cake I’ve ever tasted. I have I have never tasted such a delicious cake before. 3.1.1.8. This is the first time + S + have + Ved/Vpp + S+be + not used to + Ving/N This is the first time I have seen so many people crying at the end of the movie. I was not used I was not used to seeing so many people crying at the end of the movie. 3.1.2. Cách biến đổi Although/Even though/ Though Despite/ In spite of Although/ though + Clause Despite / in spite of + N/ Ving Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ như sau: 3.1.2.1. Although/ though + S + V, S’ + V’ (S=S’) Despite/ in spite of + Ving, S’ + V’ . Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time. Despite / in spite of . Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time. 2.1.2.2. Although/ though + the+N + be + Adj, S’ + V’ Despite/ in spite of + the adj + N, S’ + V’ . Although the rain was heavy, they enjoyed their game. Despite/ in spite of Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, they enjoyed their game. 3.1.2.3. Although/ though + personal Pronoun + be + Adj, S’ + V’ Despite/ in spite of + possessive adjective + N, S’ + V’ . Although He was sick, => Despite / in spite of his sickness, 3.1.2.4. Although/ though + personal Pronoun + V + adv, S’ + V’ Despite/ in spite of + possessive adjective + adj+N, S’ + V’ . Although He behaved impolitely, => Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior , 3.1.2.5. Although/ though + there be+(a/an)N , S’ + V’ Despite/ in spite of + a/an + N, S’ + V’ . Although there was an accident , => Despite / in spite of an accident, 3.1.2.6. Although/ though + it + be + Adj (weather), S’ + V’ Despite/ in spite of + the adj + N(weather), S’ + V’ . 3
4. Although it was rainy, => Despite / in spite of the rain, . Các tính từ và danh từ thường gặp trong mẫu này là: Foggy => fog ( sương mù ) Snowy => snow (tuyết) Rainy => rain (mưa) Stormy => storm ( bão) 3.1.2.7 Phương pháp cuối cùng cũng là phương pháp dễ nhất : thêm the fact that trước mệnh đề. Phương pháp này áp dụng được cho mọi câu mà khôgn cần phân tích xem nó thuộc mẫu này, tuy nhiên phương pháp này không được khuyến khích sử dụng vì suy cho cùng những biến đổi trên đây là rèn luyện cho các em cách sử dụng các cấu trúc câu, do đó nếu câu nào cũng thêm the fact that rồi viết lại hết thì các em sẽ không nâng cao được trình độ. Phương pháp này chỉ áp dụng khi gặp câu quá phức tạp mà không có cách nào biến đổi. Một trường hợp khác mà các em có thể sử dụng nữa là : trong lúc đi thi gặp câu khó mà mình quên cách biển đổi . Although he behaved impolitely, Despite / in spite of the fact that he behaved impolitely, 3.1.2.8. Although/ though + S + V + Adj /adv, S’ + V’ However+ adj/adv +S+V , S’ + V’ . Driving at that spees is dangerous although you are an experienced driver or not. However However experinced a driver you are// you are as a driver, driving at that speed is dangerous. 3.1.2.9. Although/ though + S + V + Adj /adv, S’ + V’ adj/adv +as/though+S+V , S’ + V’ I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements. →Much →Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her. 3.1.3. THE CONDITIONAL(CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN) 3.1.3.1. Conditional type 1 a. Nếu câu đề là: (Don’t )V .or S will/can(not) infinitive : If S1 present simple, S2 will/can(not) infinitive Example: 1. Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson. → If . If you don’t stop talking, you won’t understand the lesson. 2. Don’t be impatient or you will make mistakes. If If you are impatient, you will make mistakes. b. S1 will/can infinitive; S2 will/can(not) infinitive : If S1 present simple, S2 will/can(not) infinitive Example: He will pay me tonight; I will have enough money to buy a car. If If he pays me tonight, I will have enough money to buy a car. c. Use UNLESS IF NOT 4
5. EX: 1. If you do not study hard, you will fail the exam. Unless you study hard, you will fail the exam 2. If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another Unless d. If S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive Provided that/ As long as/ So long as S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive 1. If we try hard, we can finish it in a week. Provided Provided that we try hard, we can finish it in a week. 2. Provided your hand writing is legible the examiner will accept your answer. As long as the examiner So long as the examiner . So long as the examiners can read your handwriting, they will accept your answer. e. If S1 present simple, S2 will/can (not) infinitive Should S infinitive, S2 will/ can(not) infinitive Example: If you find it necessary, you can contact me on this number. →Should →Should you find it necessary, you can contact me on this number. 3.1.3.2. Conditional type 2 a. S1 present simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 present simple If S1 past simple, S2 could/would infinitive Nếu trong câu có because, so (= that’s why) thì phải bỏ (đặt if vào chổ because , còn so (= that’s why) thì ngược lại) Peter is fat because he eats so many chips. →If If Peter did not eat so many chips, he would not be fat. b. S1 + present simple, so S2 could/ would (not)/ present simple If S1 past simple, S2 could/would (not) infinitive They don't go to the cinema, so they don't know anything about new movies and actors. If If they knew something about new movies and actors, they would go to the cinema. c. If S1 past simple, S2 could/would (not) infinitive Were S1 (+ to V) O , S2 could/would (not) infinitive The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money. →Were →Were it not for the money, the job wouldn’t be worthwhile. 3.1.3.3. Conditional type 3 a. S1 + past simple, so S2 could/ would (not)/ past simple If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp My husband didn’t leave the keys, so I couldn’t pick him up at the station. If my husban . b. S1 past simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 past simple/ past perfect If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp We got lost in the jungle because we didn't have a map. If we had c. - If S1 had Vpp, S2 could/would have Vpp 5
6. - S1 past simple/could/would infinnitive, because S2 past simple/ past perfect. - It was N that + past simple+ But for + N/Ving, Had S (not) Vpp/Ved , Example It was his incompetence that led to their capture. If . Had it But for . If it had not been for his incompetence, they would not have been captured. d. Without + Ving/ N, S will/ would/ could + If conditional type 2/ type 3 If he had not helped, I would not have been able to find my way. Without Without his help, I would not have been able to find my way. 3.1.4. PASSIVE VOICE 3.1.4. 1. Somebody + want/ like/expect + someone to do something Somebody + want /like/expect + something + to be done EX: Our teacher wants us to prepare our lessons carefully. Our teacher wants our lessons to be prepared carefully. They expected me to finish my work early. They expected my work to be finished early. 3.1.4.2 Somebody + agree/arrange/determine/decide + to do something Somebody + agree/arrange/determine/decide + that something + should be + done EX: She decided to rebuild the house. She decided that the house should be rebuilt. 3.1.4.3 Something + need(s) + doing (also: want+ v-ing/require+v-ing) Something + need(s) + to be done (also: want+ to be done/require+to be done) EX: The house needs cleaning. (passive meaning) These flowers require watering. The house needs to be cleaned. These flowers require to be watered. You don’t need to prepare the lesson (active) The chickens need feeding The lesson doesn’t need to be prepared. The chickens need to be fed. The lesson doesn’t need preparing. 3.1.4.4. A. PRESENT MEANING people + think/expect/believe/estimate/say/report/suppose/hope/declare/rumour + that + some one + do something (active)  PASSIVE 6
7. thought expected TYPE 1 It is believed that S + do something estimated said PASSIVE reported supposed TYPE 2 S tobe hoped to do something declared rumoured EX: 1. People think that he drives dangerously. (active) It is thought that he drives dangerously. (type 1) He is thought to drive dangerously. (type 2) 2. People believe that he is a good teacher. It is believed that he is a good teacher. (type 1) He is believed to be a good teacher. (type 2) 3. People believe that this new teaching method is more effective than the old one. This new teaching method . This new teaching method is believed to be more effective than the old one. (Đề thi TN THPTQG năm 2015) B. PAST MEANING people + think/expect/believe/estimate/say/report/suppose/hope/declare/rumour + that + someone + did something (active)  PASSIVE thought expected TYPE 1 It is believed that S + did something estimated said PASSIVE reported supposed TYPE 2 S tobe hoped to have done something declared rumoured EX: People think that he drove dangerously. (active) It is thought that he drove dangerously. (type 1) He is thought to have driven dangerously. (type 2) People believed that he is a good teacher. (active) It is believed that he was a good teacher. (type 1) He is believed to have been a good teacher. (type 2) NOTE: It’s your duty to do something You are supposed to do something 7
8. EX: It’s your duty to lock all the doors. You are supposed to lock all the doors. 3.1.4.5. Somebody + see/make/let + someone + do + something (active) Someone is seen/made + to do something (passive) Someone is let + do something (passive) but we often say: someone is (not) allowed to do something EX: He made me stay outside yesterday. (active) I was made to stay outside yesterday. The teacher let us go home early last week. (active) We were let go home early by the teacher last week. often: We were allowed to go home early by the teacher last week. I saw the thief climb the wall. (active) The thief was seen to climb the wall. 3.1.4.6. Somebody + have + someone + do something Somebody + get + someone + to do something Somebody + have + something + done "To get someone to do something" suggests that you talked to the person and convinced him to do something. "To have someone do something" simply states that you arranged for someone to do something, whether or not that person did it voluntarily. Example He had his waiter carry the luggage home. He had the luggage carried home by the waiter. I got the postman to post the letter for me. I had the letter posted for me by the postman. 3.1.4.7 Don’t do something (active)  something mustn’t be done It’s impossible to do something (active)  something can’t be done It’s possible to do something (active)  something can be done Example Don’t touch this switch This switch mustn’t be touched It is impossible to do this This can’t be done. 3.1.4.8 Somebody + advise/ beg/ urge/ recommend someone to do something (active) Cách 1: someone is advised/ begged/ urged/ recommended to do something Cách 2: somebody advise/ beg/ urge/ recommend that something should be done EX: He advised me to sell the car. I was advised to sell the car. He advised that the car should be sold. 3.1.4.9 Somebody + agree/ arrange/ determine/ decide/ is determined/ is anxious +to do something (active) 8
9. Somebody + agree/ arrange/ determine/ decide/ is determined/ is anxious + that something should be done EX: She decided to rebuild the house. She decided that the house should be rebuilt. 3.1.4.10 Somebody + insist/ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + doing something (active) Somebody insist/ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest that something should be done Example He suggested selling the radio He suggested that radio should be sold. They advised enlarging the garden They advised that the garden should be enlarged. 3.1.4.11 Mệnh lệnh thức (imperative) + Object  S + should/must + be +P2/ Let+object+be+P.P Example Turn on the lights. The lights should be turned on. Open your book, please! Let your book be opened, please! 3.1.5. INVERSION 3.1.5.1. Đảo ngữ trong 1 số trường hợp câu phủ định. ( Inversion in nagative sentences) a. Một số trạng từ phủ định đứng đầu câu. Hardly (ever) Barely Scarcely (ever) + Inversion Rarely Never again/ before Never Seldom Little Example: 1. You can hardly/barely/scarcely see anyone wear a hat nowadays. Barely/ Hardly/ Scarcely . Barely/ Hardly/ Scarely can you see anyone wear a hat nowadays. 2. Such a situation should never be allowed to arise again > Never > Never again should such a situation be allowed to arise. 3. The thief little realized that the police had thrown a cordon around the bank. > Little . Little did the thief realize that the police had thrown a cordon around the bank. 4. This remedy rarely failed > Rarely did this remedy fail 5. I had never before been asked to accept a bribe. >Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe. 9
10. b. Đảo ngữ trong câu bắt đầu bằng “Not” Not + noun phrase Not + till + phrase + Inversion. Not + until + clause. Example 1. She didn’t shed a tear even though the story ended in tragedy. > Not a tear did she shed even though the story ended in tragedy. 2.The whole truth didn’t become known until many years later. > Not until many years later did the whole truth become known. 3. I didn’t realize how difficult the exercise was until I was half way through it. > Not until I was half way through the exercise did I realize how difficult it was. 4. He didn’t realize that he had lost it till he got home > Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it. Note: Tuy nhiên trường hợp cụm danh từ bắt đầu bằng “No” hoặc “Not” làm chủ ngữ trong câu thì không gọi là đảo ngữ. No example of this word is given in this dictionary. Mặt khác với “Not until + clause” thì đảo ngừ ở vế cau chính chứ không phải lấy ở vế ngau sau “Not until” c. Đảo ngữ với cấu trúc “Not only but also ” Not only + clause (đảo ngữ) + but + S + also + V She dances beautifully and she sings sweetly, too. > Not only does she dance beautifully but she also sings sweetly. Not only do I enjoy classical music, but I also have a season ticket to the symphony d. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ co “No”, “Not” đứng đầu câu. Under no circumstances In no circumstances On no condition On no account At no time + Inversion Nowhere In no way No longer Example 1. The bus driver can’t be blamed for the accident in any way. > In no way can the bus driver be blamed for the accident. 2. The doctor told his patient that he should on no account return to work un til he had made a complete recovery. > The doctor told his patient that on no account should he return to work until he had made a complete recovery. 3. Remote villages don’t have a regular bus service any longer. > No longer do remote villages have a regular bus service 4. The accused never expressed regret for what he’d done. > At no time did the accused express regret for what he’d done. 5. This switch must not be touched on any acount > On no acount must this switch be touched. 3.1.5.2. Đảo ngữ trong cấu trúc có “Only” a. 10
11. noun phrase Only prepositional phrase + Inversion later (only by, only after, only in this way) Example 1. You can make yourself heard only by shouting at the top of your voice. > Only by shouting at the top of your voice can you make yourself heard. 2. The facts were not all made publicity until later. > Only later were the facts all made publicity. 3. He mentioned it to me only yesterday > Only yesterday did he mention it to me. b. if (clause) Only when (clause) + Inversion then Example 1. You will understand what true responsibility is only when you became a parent. > Only when you become a parent will you understand what true responsibility is. 2. You can enter the competition to meet the cast noly if you purchase a ticket for a show. > Only if you purchase a ticket for a show can you enter the competition to meet the cast. 3. We realized, only then, what a mess we had got ourselves in. > Only then did we realize what a mess we had got ourselves in. Note: Nếu “Only” ám chỉ tình trạng duy nhất thì không sử dụng đảo ngữ. Example: Only Mary realized that the door was unlocked. 3.1.5.3. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ thời gian. Dùng để diễn tả hành động diễn ra ngay sau 1 hành động khác. Thường thì những hành động đó đêu ở quá khứ. Hardly/ Scarely/Rarely + Inversion (past perfect) +when +S (past simple) No sooner + Inversion (past perfect)+than +S (past simple) Example 1. Immediately after his arrival home a water-heater exploded. →Hardly →Hardly had he arrived home when a water-heater exploded. 2. Tear gas was released as soon as the thieves touched the safe. No sooner . No sooner had the thieves touched the safe than tear gas was released. 3. He had no sooner drunk the coffee than he began to fell drowsy > No sooner > No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy. Note: Đi với các cấu trúc trên có thể dùng cả các thì khác nhưng không nhiều ý nghĩa của các hành động trong mẫu phải mang tính đối lập. 3.1.5.4. Đảo ngữ trong các nhận xét để diễn đạt sự hợp ý. Sử dụng các liên từ so/ neither/ nor với đảo ngữ của động từ chính. Chúng được dùng trong câu trần thuật để rút gọn lời nói, tránh lặp lại các ý kiến đã được đưa ra từ trước. Cấu trúc: Statement 11
12. Affirmative sentence (and) so + inversion Nagative sentence neither + inversion nor Example 1. Jack went out last night and we went out last night, too. > Jack went out last night and so did we. 2. He has never been to London and I’ve never been there, either. > He has never been to London and neither have I. The boys cheated and so did the girls. I’m having a tooth out tomorrow and so is she. Tom never goes to concert, neither does his wife. Ann hasn’t any spare time. ~ Neither/ Nor have I. I didn’t get much sleep last night. ~ Neither/ Nor did I Hơn nữa “Nor” còn dược dùng để nối 2 câu phủ định với nhau không tính đến nghĩa của chúng có giống nhau hay không. 3.1.5.5. Đảo ngữ dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ kết quả với “so, such” để nhấn mạnh ý kiến hơn. S + V + so + adj/adv + that - clause S + V + such + that – clause So + adj/adv + clause (inversion) + that - clause Such + clause (inversion) + that - clause (such = so much/ great) Thông thường ta hay dùng: So + adjective that' combines with the verb 'to be'. 'Such + to be + noun (that)': Example 1. The snow fall was so heavy that all the train had to be cancelled > So heavy was the snow that all the train had to be cancelled. 2. The force of the storm was such that all the trees were uprooted > Such was the force of the storm that all the tree were uprooted. 3.1.5.6. Đảo ngữ sau “As” Được sử dụng nhiều nhất trong ngôn ngữ viết và văn phong có tính xã giao. Nó chỉ dùng có tính chất phù hoa nên nó phải được dùng như 1 bộ phận trong câu, không thể tách lẻ thành câu riêng biệt. I thought, as did my colleagues, that the inflation would be over. I supposed, as did most people, that I’d be retiring at 60. 3.1.6. SUBJUNCTIVES 3.1.6.1. WISH. Dạng câu đề thường là S1 be sorry that S2 + past simple S1 wish that S2 + past perfect/ Could/ Would (not) have Vpp/Ved Example: It's a pity you didn't tell us about this. I wish I wish you had told us about this. I wish I were a boy. (In fact, I am a girl.) I wish it were not raining. (In fact, it is raining.) I wish he would come here tomorrow. (In fact, he will not come) 12
13. I wish I hadn't gone to the party last night. (In fact, I went there last night.) 3.1.6.2. Mệnh đề chứa cụm từ IF ONLY. I’d love to live in Paris for a year If only If only I could live in Paris for a year. Ex: If only I could turn back the time. (In fact, I can't) If only she would attend the meeting tomorrow. (In fact, she will not come) If only I hadn't met him years ago. (In fact, I met him) 3.1.6.3. WOULD SOONER, WOULD RATHER. would prefer S + to do st would sooner / would rather + Sb did st Example: We’d prefer you not to smoke. We’d rather We would rather you did not smoke. 3.1.6.4. IT'S TIME, IT'S ABOUT TIME, IT'S HIGH TIME It's time / It's about time / It's high time + for sb + to do st It's time / It's about time / It's high time + Sb did st Example: When are the council going to do something about the city’s traffic problems? It’s high time something . It’s high time something were done about the city’s traffic problems. 3.1.6.5. AS IF, AS THOUGH (như thể là ./ dường như .) Example The house seemed to have been unoccupied for several months. It looked It looked as if the house had not been occupied for several months 3.1.7. TIME CLAUSES 3.1.7.1. Dạng It was not until + time word/phrase/clause that + clause Dạng viết lại câu này thường có câu đề như sau a. S+past simple until/till time word/ time phrase/ clause Not until time word/ time phrase/ clause + Inversion Example 1. She didn’t become a teacher until yesterday. => It was not until yesterday that he became a teacher. => Not until yesterday did he become a teacher 2. He didn’t come home until late in the evening => It was not until late in the evening that he came home. => Not until late in the evening did he come home. 3. He didn't know how to swim until he was 30 years old. => It was not until he was 30 years old that he knew how to swim. => Not until he was 30 years old did he know how to swim 4. He did not realize how difficult the task was until he was halfway through it. 13
14. Not until Not until he was halfway through the task did he realize how difficult it was. (Đề thi TN THPTQG năm 2015) b. During + N/ Ving, S + V While S’ + V, S+ V Example During the oil refinery strike, there were enormous petrol queues. While . While the oil refinery strike was going on, there were enormous petrol queues. C. On + N/Ving, S + V As soon as/ When S’ +V, S +V Example: On receipt of your cheque, we shall send the goods to you. As soon As soon as we receive your cheque, we shall send the goods to you. Chú Ý: Phần bài tập Đảo Ngữ và Time Clauses thường có những phần liên quan đến nhau như: Only when, Not until, No sooner, Hardly . 3.1.8. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 3.1.8.1 SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT  IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO / TO S + V + so that/ in order that+ S + V S + V + to + infinitive Mệnh đề + SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + S can/could/will/would + V Lưu ý: Thông thường nếu không có NOT thì dùng can /could còn có NOT thì dùng won’t / wouldn’t, trừ những trường hợp có ý ngăn cấm thì mới dùng can’t/couldn’t. Example 1. I study hard so that I can pass the exam. I study hard in order to pass the exam 2. I study hard so that I won’t fail the exam. I study hard in order not to fail the exam. 3. The boys stood on the desks. They wanted to get a better view. The boys stood on the desks in order that they could get a better view. Phrase of purpose: Cụm từ chỉ mục đích Nếu có NOT thì để NOT trước TO, tuy nhiên mẫu TO không áp dụng được trường hợp có NOT. Example: 1. I study hard. I want to pass the exam. I study hard in order to / so as to /to pass the exam. 2. I study hard. I don’t want to fail the exam. I study hard in order not to fail the exam. (đúng) I study hard so as not to /to fail the exam. (đúng) I study hard not to fail the exam. (sai) Cách nối câu : * Dùng SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT : Trong câu thứ hai nếu có các động từ : want, like, hope thì phải bỏ đi rồi thêm can/could/will/would vào –Nếu sau các chữ want, like, hope có tân ngữ thì lấy túc từ đó ra làm chủ từ. I give you the book. I want you to read it. I give you the book so that you can read it. 14
15. * Dùng IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO : – Chỉ áp dụng được khi 2 Chủ ngữ 2 câu giống nhau – Bỏ Chủ ngữ câu sau, bỏ các chữ want, like, hope giữ lại từ động từ sau nó. Example: I study hard .I want to pass the exam. -> I study hard in order to pass the exam. She worked hard to pass. She worked hard in order to pass. To reach him, I had to wait for five minutes on the line. In order to reach him, I had to wait for five minutes on the line. Before a negative infinitive, we usually prefer in order to. In order not to miss the train, I started early. Note the position of ‘not’ in the structure. It goes before to. In order not to wake up the baby, I tiptoed into the room. The expression so as to can also be used to express purpose. It carries the same degree of formality as in order to. I am planning to move house so as to be closer to my place of work. Before stative verbs like know, seem, appear, understand, have, etc, it is more usual to use in order to or so as to: I talked to them both for half an hour so as to have a thorough understanding of the problem. I followed her around all day in order to know whether she had any intention of meeting him. 3.1.9 . SO ADJ/ADV THAT / SUCH AN/AN + ADJ+ N + THAT 3.1.9.1 Đổi từ so that sang such that N + be + so + adj+ that+ clause Đại từ + be such (a/an) adj+N+ that clause Example : The film is so interesting that I have watched it three times. It is It is such an interesting film that I have watched it three times. * Nếu danh từ là số ít hoặc không đếm được thì không có a, an * Chú ý: Thường sẽ có bài tập đổi từ such that sang so .that. 3.1.9.2. Đổi từ so adj/adv that sang too to : S + be +so + adj + that + clause S + be + too adj (for sb. to infinitive Cách làm : Thêm tính từ vào, bỏ can't, couldn't lấy từ động từ trở đi Nếu chủ ngữ 2 câu khác nhau thì thêm phần for sb Nếu tân ngữ câu sau giống chủ ngữ câu đầu thì bỏ Tân ngữ đó đi Example The table is so heavy that I can't lift it. The table is too The table is too heavy for me to lift. - Nếu đổi ngược lại từ too to sang so that thì thường dễ sai nhất là việc quên thêm tân ngữ vào và chia sai thì. 15
16. 3.1.9.3. Đổi từ too to sang enough: S + be + too + adj + to infinitive. S + be not adj enough+ to infinitive Example He is too weak to run fast He isn't He isn't strong enough to run fast. Ghi chú :Trong tất cả các cấu trúc trên nếu thay be là V thì ADV sẽ thay cho ADJ 3.1.9.1 Đổi từ so that / such that S + be such (a/an) adj+N+ that clause /S + be +so + adj + that clause So adj tobe S that clause Such to be N/S that clause Example: They were so excited that they couldn’t sit still. So Such So excited were they that they couldn't sit still. Such was their excitement that they began to jump up and down. Note that "so" is followed by an adjective and "such" can be replaced by "so great" (So great was their excitement that ). 3.1.10. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE Chuyển đổi câu qua lại giữa so sánh hơn/ bằng/ nhất. Để làm được phần này ta phải nắm vững công thức của các dạng so sánh tính từ /trạng từ. Các dạng đề thường cho là : 3.1.10.1. A hơn B  B không bằng A Nguyên tắc : Nếu đề cho so sánh hơn thì ta đổi thành so sánh bằng + phủ định Ví dụ : Tom is taller than Mary Mary is Mary is not as tall as Tom 3.1.10.2. không ai bằng A  A là nhất Nguyên tắc : So sánh bằng so sánh nhất Ví dụ : No one in the class is as tall as Tom Tom is Tom is the tallest in the class. Tom cao nhất lớp 3.1.11. REPORTED SPEECH 3.1.11.1 . REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS (Câu trần thuật) Ta dùng động từ say hoặc tell để tường thuật: * S + said + (that) + S + V * S + told + O + (that) + S + V 16
17. Ex: He said, “I have just bought a computer today.” He said that he had just bought a computer that day. Linda said, “There is someone at the door, Bill.” Linda told Bill that there was someone at the door. * LƯU Ý: Các trường hợp KHÔNG thay đổi thì trong câu tường thuật: a. Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 Nếu câu nói trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3, ta chỉ thay đổi các đại từ, tình từ mà không đổi thì trong câu. Ex: “If I were older, I would retire.”, he said. He said if he were older, he would retire. “If I had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently”, he said He said that if he had heard the whole story, he would have acted differently. b. Câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lí, hay một thói quen ở hiện tại. Nếu câu nói trực tiếp nói về một sự thật, một chân lí hay một thói quen thường xuyên lặp đi, lập lại ở hiện tại, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta phải giữ nguyên thì của câu trực tiếp. Ex 1: Trực tiếp: The teacher said, “The earth moves round the Sun” Gián tiếp: The teacher said that The earth moves round the Sun. Ex 2: Trực tiếp: My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast. Gián tiếp: He said that his wife always drinks coffee for breakfast. c. Động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai. Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta không thay đổi thì và các cum trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn, mà chỉ thay đổi các đại từ hay tính từ Ex: He says/ He is saying/ He has said/ He will say, “The bus is coming.” → He says the bus is coming. d. Không thay đổ thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp nếu có thời gian xác định trong quá khứ. Ex. She said, ‘‘I was born in 1980’’ She said that she was born in 1980 e. Các động từ khiếm khuyết: could, would, might, ought to, should thường không thay đổi trong câu tường thuật. Ex. He said, ‘I might come’ He said that He might come’ - Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn: “wish’ Ex: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money” He wishes (that) he had a lot of money - Khi tường thuật cấu trúc: “It’s (high/ about) time” Ex: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children” She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed 3.1.11.2. REPORTED SPEECH: QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi) a. Yes-No questions: Khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta cần thêm if hoặc whether trước chủ từ của câu hỏi được tường thuật: * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S + V * S + wondered + if /whether + S + V * S + wanted to know + if /whether + S +V Ex: He said to me, “Are you from Canada?” He asked me if/whether I was from Canada. 17
18. The man said to her, “Did Bill tell you my address?” The man asked her if/whether Bill had told her his address. The girl said, “Do you live near here, David?” She asked David if/whether he lived near there. b. Wh – Questions: Các câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng một từ để hỏi như: who, when, where, when, why, how , * S + asked + (O) + wh -word + S + V * S + wondered + wh - word + S + V * S + wanted to know + wh - word + S + V Ex: He said to them, “Where are you going?” He asked them where they were going. The teacher said, “When do you do your homework, Tom?” The teacher asked Tom when he did his homework. The tourist said to me, “How often does the train get in?” The tourist asked me how often the train got in. 3.1.11.3. CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU LÀ TO-INFINITIVE 1. Tường thuật mệnh lệnh: told sb (not) to do sth. “Put your books away,” said the teacher.  The teacher told us to put our books away. 2. Tường thuật lời yêu cầu: asked sb (not) to do sth. “Please, don’t smoke in this room,” said the clerk.  The clerk asked me not to smokr in that room. 3. Tường thuật lời khuyên: advised sb (not) to do sth. “If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much wine,” he said.  He advised me not to drink so much wine. “You should study harder, Sheila.” he said.  He advised Sheila to study harder. “You had better go to school early tomorrow, children. It will likely rain in the early morning.” the mother said.  The mother advised her children to go school early the next day as it would likely rain in the early morning. “Why don’t you get up earlier?” he said to me.  He advised me to get up earlier. 4. Tường thuật lời hứa: promised to do sth. “I’ll give you a hand, if you like,” said Darian.  Darain promised to give me a hand, if I liked. 5. Tường thuật lời đe dọa: threaten to do sth’. “Get out or I’ll call the police,” said the woman.  The woman threatened to call the police if he didn’t get out. 6. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb (not) to do sth. “Don’t touch that wire,” he said.  He warned me not to touch that wire. 7. Tường thuật lời mời: invited sb to do sth. “Come for inner with us tonight, will you?” Bill said.  Bill invited me to come for dinner with them that night. “Would you like to join us, Paul?” she said  She invited Paul to join them. “Would you like to come to my 18th birthday party?” he asked me. 18
19. He invited He invited me to come to his 18th birthday party. (Đề thi TN THPT QG năm 2015) 8. Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở: remindered sb to do sth. “Remember to post my letter on your way,” Wendy said.  Wendy reminded me to post her letter on my way. “Don’t forget to do your homework,” he said to her.  He reminded her to do her homework. 9. Tường thuật lời động viên: encouraged sb to so sth. “Go heard, you must enter for the contest, Jill!” said Pam.  Pam encouraged Jill to enter for the contest. 10. Tường thuật lời khẩn cầu: begged sb to do sth. “Please, do me a favor,” said the beggar to Carol.  The beggar begged Carol to do him a favor. 11. Tường thuật lời tự nguyện: offered to do sth. “Shall I help you with the housework?” said Tim to hiss wife.  Tim offered to help his wife with the housework. 12. Tường thuật sự đồng ý: agreed to do sth. “OK, I’ll take you to work in my car, Sue” said Carl.  Carl agreed to take Sue to work in his car. 13. Tường thuật sự từ chối: refused to do sth. “I will not accept your view,” he said to her. He refused to accept her view. 3.1.11.4. CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU LÀ GERUND 1. Tường thuật lời buộc tội: accused sb of doing sth. “You damaged my new laptop, Dan,”said Susan.  Suasan accused Dan of damaging her new laptop. 2. Tường thuật lời thừa nhận: admitted doing/having done sth. “I didn’t tell you he truth, Ron,” said Kim.  Kim admitted not telling/not having told Ron the truth. 3. Tường thuật lời phủ nhận: denied doing/having done sth. “I didn’t break that vase,” said Tom.  Tom denied breaking /having broken that vase. 4. Tường thuật lời xin lỗi: apolozied (to sb) for doing sth. “I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting,” said Amanda  Amanda apolozied for having kept me waiting. 5. Tường thuật lời khen: congratulated sb on doing sth. “Congratulations! You won the game!” said the principal. The principal congratulated the students on winning the game. 6. Tường thuật lời nài nỉ, khăng khăng: insisted on doing sth. “I must pay for this damage,” the man said.  The man insisted on paying for that weekend. 7. Tường thuật lời đề nghị: suggested doing sth. “Let’s have a picnic this weekend,” Maud suggested.  Maud suggested having a pinic that weekend. 8. Tường thuật lời cảm ơn: thanked sb for (doing sth). “Thank you very much for your advice,” he said.  He thanked me for my advise. 19
20. 9. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb against (doing) sth. “Don’t invest in that business,” said my lawyer.  My lawyer warned me against investing int hat business. 10. Tường thuật lời đỗ lỗi: blamed sb for (doing) sth. “You are responsible for this failure,” said the director.  The director blamed his deputy for that failure. 11. Tường thuật lời thú nhận: confessed to (doing) sth. “It was me who stole the money,” said Jack.  Jack confessed to stealing the money. 12. Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Exclamation in reported speech) - Động từ tường thuật là: exclaim/shout Ex: He said, “What a lovely garden they have” He exclaimed that they had a lovely garden. - Các hình thức cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “what’ và “how” chuyển sang gián tiếp bằng: He said that it was / hoặc He exclaimed that it was Ex 1: She said; “What a pity!” (Direct speech) -> She exclaimed that it was a pity Ex 2: I said; “What a nice horse” -> I exclaimed that it was a nice horse Ex 3: He said; “How beautiful she is!” -> He exclaimed that she was beautiful! Ex 4: “What a big egg” he said -> He said that it was a big egg. Ex 5: “How dreadful!” he said -> He exclaimed that it was dreadful. 3.2. MỘT SỐ TỪ VÀ CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG VIẾT LẠI CÂU 3.2.1. Dạng chuyển đổi giữa động từ và danh từ chỉ người. Các dạng đề thường cho là : S + V + ADV => S +BE + (a/an) ADJ + N (người) Cách làm : - Đổi động từ thành danh từ chỉ người - Đổi trạng từ thành tính từ ,đem đặt trước danh từ ví dụ : Tom drives carefully. (Tom lái xe cẩn thận) => Tom is => Tom is a careful driver. (Tom là một tài xế cẩn thận) Một số cách đổi động từ thành danh từ chỉ nguời : Thông thường chỉ việc thêm ER sau động từ, nhưng có một số ngoại lệ sau: study => student type => typist cycle => cyclist cook => cook (không dùng cooker!) play guitar => guitarist Nếu có động từ play + môn chơi thể thao thì đặt môn chơi trước chữ player: play football => football player 3.2.2. Dạng chuyển đổi giữa động từ và danh từ với một số động từ chỉ sự tăng giảm: V: go up/ rise/ increase /fall/ decrease/ decline/drop  N: rise/ increase/fall/ decrease/ decline Cấu trúc thường gặp: 20
21. price/value/cost of N + go up/ rise/ increase/ fall/ decrease/ drop + adv There to be/ has been/ have been +a/an + adj + fall/rise/ increase/decline Example: 1. The value of Sterling had fallen considerably in the past week. There has . There has been a considerable fall in the value of Sterling in the past week 2. House prices have risen dramatically this year. There has There has been a dramatic rise in house prices this year. 3. The price of gold has gone up a great deal recently. There has been gold recently. There has been living lately. There has been a sharp rise in the price of living lately. 4. The cost of living has gone up considerably in the last few years. There There has been a considerable rise/increase in the cost of living in the last few years. 3.2.3 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SURPRISE Ta thường gặp động từ(not) expect chuyển sang câu với cấu trúc surprise sau: to one’s surprise, . Example The work completely failed and everyone was surprised. To everybody To everybody’s surprise, the work completely failed It comes as (no) surprise to someone that S+ V I wasn’t surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test. It came . It came as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test. 3.2.4 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ INTEND S (not) fullly intend to V S have (no) every intention of Ving Example: 1. The railworkers do not intend to call off their strike. The railworkers have no The railworkers have no intention of calling off their strike. 2. I fully intend to find out who is responsible for the graffiti. I had every . I had every intention of finding out who is responsible for the graffiti. S not mean to V S have (no) intention of Ving Example 1. I'm sorry, I didn't mean to interrupt the conversation. I'm sorry, I . I’m sorry, I had no intention of interrupting the conversation. S to be determined to V S have no intention of V (contrast meaning) 21
22. Example: The Prime Minister was determined to remain in office. →The Prime Minister →The Prime Minister had no intention of resigning office. 3.2.5 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ DIFFICULT S find st difficult/ hard to V S have/experience difficulty (in) Ving Example My father finds maps difficult to follow. My father has My father has difficulty following maps. S V easily / It to be easy for sb to V S have no difficulty (in) Ving/ There tobe some difficulties (in) Ving Example: 1. It was easy for us to find the house. →We had . →We had no difficulty in finding the house. 2. It wasn’t easy to persuade her to come . There were some difficulies There were some difficulties (in) persuading her to come . Exercises 1.The accident victim was having increasing difficulty in breathing. →The accident victims were increasingly . →The accident victims were increasingly difficult to breathe. 2. We had not expected that we should have so much difficulty in finding the place. →The place was . →The place was much more difficult to find than we had expected. 3. I find his handwriting very hard to read. I have I have (considerable) difficulty (in) reading his hand writing 4. You can ring this number whenever there is any difficulty. → Should Should there is any difficulty, you can ring this number. 5. The Police caught the pickpockets easily. Police had Police had no difficulty in catching 3.2.6 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SUCCEED/ MANAGE/ FAIL succeed in Ving/ to be successful in Ving  manage to V/ fail to V/ try in vain to V Example 1. Sally finally managed to get a job. Sally finally succeeded Sally finally succeeded in getting the job 22
23. 2. He didn’t succeeded in searching for the stolen car. He tried in vain He tried in vain to search for the stolen car. 3. John Speck failed to find the source of the river Nile. John Speck did not succeed John Speck did not succeed in finding the source of the river Nile 3.2.7 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ LIKELY It seems that = it appears that = it is likely that Example: It seems that he will come late It appears that / It is likely he will come late He is likely to come late. It to be likely that S will V S may/ might V Example: It’s very likely that the company will accept his application. The company The company might/ may accept his application. 3.2.8 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANCE/ OPPORTUNITY Chance = possibility = (it to be likely that) Example: Their chances of success are small. →It’s not →It’s not likely that they will succeed. The chances are that the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term. →In all . →In all probability/likelihood the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term. take a chance = risk Example: You’ll just have to take a chance. (POT) →You’ll just have to take pot luck. (Take pot luck: ăn thử) by chance = luck (accidentally) Example I met your sister by chance at the airport last week. I ran I ran into your sister at the airport last week. 3.2.9 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ POSSIBLE 23
24. It to be (im)possible to V Ving to be (im)possible It is impossible to learn a foreign language in a week. Learning Learning a foreign language in a week is impossible It’s (im)possible that S + past simple S might have Vpp It’s possible that he didn’t get my letter. He might He might not have got my letter Can/could (not) = tobe (un)able to = tobe (im)possible to/that Example: He can’t walk on his foot He isn’t able to walk on his foot He is unable to walk on his foot Couldn’t you have got a bus to the station? Wasn’t it . ? Wasn’t it possible to get a bus to the station? 3.2.10 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANGE Change (n) changeable (adj)/ change (v) In countries like Britain the weather changes all the time. In countries like Britain, the weather is In countries like Britain, the weather is very changeable The weather is probably not going to change. →There will →There will probably be no change in the weather. change = turn over a new leaf Example: Your attitude will have to change if you want to succeed. →You have to turn . →You have to turn over a new leaf if you want to succeed. 3.2.11. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SEEM S seem to have Vpp It look as if/ though S has/ have/ had Vpp The house seemed to have been unoccupied for several years. It looked It looked as if the house had been unoccupied for several years It seems that S past simple S seem to have Vpp Example: 1. It seems that no-one predicted the correct result. No-one No one seems to have predicted the correct result. 2. He seemed to be living in the area. It seemed 24
25. 3. It seemed that he was living in the area. 3.2.12. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ MIND Mind (n): make up one’s mind= decide/ change one’s mind Example: When you do decide what you want to do, please let us know. When you make When you make up your mind what you want to do, please let us know. If you changed your mind, you’ll be welcome to join our club . Were you Were you to change your mind, you’ll be welcome to join our club. Mind (n): in one’s mind= your thought, your ability to think We’ve been thinking the matter over and have and have finally come to a decision. We’ve We’ve given our mind to think the matter over and come to a decision I never thought that I would win a prize. →It had never →It had never crossed my mind that I would win a prize. mind (v): mind + Ving  to be happy/ willing to V Example Mary will be happy to give you a hand. Mary does not mind Mary does not mind giving you a hand. Would you mind/ Do you mind: politely ask someone’s permission Example: 1. May I borrow your pencil? → Would you mind Would you mind if I borrow your pencil? 2. Is it a problem if I open the window a little? Do you . Do you mind if I open the window a little? 3.2.13. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ NECESSARY to be necessary to V S have/ need to V Example: 1. It isn’t necessary to finish the work today. You don’t . You don’t have to finish the work today 2. An up- to – date visa is necessary for Andorra. You’ll You’ll need to get an up-to-date visa for Andorra 3.2.14. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ EXPECT S V as adj/adv as S’ expect/hope (v) come/live up to one’s expectation (n) 25
26. Example What was much better than I expected was the costume design. What exceeded . What exceeded my expectation(s) was the costume design. S expect S’ come as no surprise to sb We had expected Pedro to get promoted. Pedro's Pedro's promotion came as no surprise to us. expect that S will/can + V S expect sb to V I expect that he will get there by lunchtime. I expect him I expect him to get there by lunchtime 3.2.15. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ PREVENT/ STOP S can/could/will not V because of N/Ving N prevent/stop somebody from Ving (Ai/cái gì không/có thể làm gì vì cái gì) (Ai/cái gì ngăn cản ai/cái gì không làm gì ) Example: 1.We couldn’t get nearer because of the police. The police The police prevented us from getting nearer 2. We couldn’t drive because of the fog. The fog prevented The fog prevented us from driving 3.2.16. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ WORTH/ POINT/ USE/ WASTE Tobe not worth doing sth = there is no point in doing sth = it is a waste of time doing = it to be pointless to do= it’s no use doing: không đáng, vô ích làm gì Example: 1. It’s not worth making him get up early There is no point There is no point in making him getting early 2. It’s no use asking John to join our plan. There’s no point There’s no point in asking John to join our plan. to be worth money = to be valued at/about The painting is worth $25,000. →The painting has been →The painting has been valued at $25,000. 3.2.17. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SPEND/TAKE TIME It + takes/took+ someone + amount of time + to do something(làm gì mất bao nhiêu thờigian ) S + spend + amount of time/ money + V-ing(dành bao nhiêu thời gian làm gì ) S + spend + amount of time/ money + on + something(dành thời gian vào việc gì ) Example: 1. It takes me 5 minutes to get to school. 26
27. I spend . I spend five minutes getting to school. 2. It took him 10 minutes to do this exercise yesterday. He spent . He spent 10 minutes doing this exercise yesterday. It to be + amount of time + N S spend amount of time Ving/ It takes time to V Example: It’s a six-hour drive from Lodon to Edinburgh. It takes It takes us six hours to drive from London to Edinburgh. 27
28. 3.3. BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG Exercise – Tenses transformation 1. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. 1.I have played football for ages. It’s 2. I haven’t been to Ha long for three years. It’s . The last time . 3. She hasn’t seen her mother since she left for Pairs. She last 4.The last time I went to Hanoi was over fours years ago. It’s . I haven’t . 5.I last saw her when she returned to her home town. I haven’t . 6.How long have you sold your old house? When . 7.She hasn’t spoken Japanese before. It’s . 8.This is the first time she has driven a car. She has . 9.I haven’t heard from him since July. I last The last time . 10.My aunt has been teaching English for 40 years. My aunt started 11. I went over my lesson and then went to school Before 12. Before he watched TV, he had done all his exercises After 2. Rewrite the sentences as the same meaning as the above 1. I haven’t been to the dentist’s for two years. It’s 2. They bought this house ten years ago. They have 3. When did you start the project? How long 4. This is the last time I go to this restaurant. I certainly 5. I haven’t seen that man here before. It’s 6. He learned to drive when he was 18. He has 7. John has not had his hair cut for over six months. 28
29. It’s 8. Mary rang hours and hours ago. It’s hours 9. I haven’t eaten this kind of food before. This is the 1st time 10. She started working as a secretary five years ago. She has 3 Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. Although/ Even though/ In spite of/ Despite 1. Though he may drive carefully, there is still a danger of accident in fog so dense. However 2. Although I pay him much, this man is never satisfied.  However 3. She never seems to succeed, even though she works hard. →However 4. I’ll find that man no matter how long it takes. →However 5. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll solve this problem. However 6. Adeles tries hard, but she doesn't get anywhere. → However . 7. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll solve this problem. However 8. Melissa’s father was very busy, but he still played with her. Busy 9. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish. Much 10. However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted. Friendly 4 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. The conditional 1. I can't walk fast when I am tired. If 2. I think you are late. Why don't you take the bus? If 3. I don't know whether they bought a house yesterday. They might show it to us today. If . 4. You mustn't enter this building if you don't work here. Unless 5. When I am not saving for my holidays, I spend a lot of money on clothes. Unless 6. You don't speak German very well, because you don't even try to learn anything. If 7. They don't go to the cinema, so they don't know anything about new movies and actors. If 8. I can't take that exam, because I didn't have enough time to revise. 29
30. If 9. We won't see you because we are not in Zagreb. If 10. Absolute secrecy was crucial to the success of the mission. Without 11. It was so cold that we turned the central heating on. If 12. The only reason the party was a success was that a famous film star attended. Had it not 13. The teacher didn't catch him cheating, so he passed the exam. If 14. Call me immediately, if you see him. Should 15. My job is very stressful, but I earn a lot of money. That’s why I am not going to quit. Were 5 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. They must do their task now. Their 2. He expected me to buy him a book. I 3. They want him to invite them to the party. He 4. They opened the road 10 years ago. The 5. He can mend all chairs for you now. All 6. We expected them to forgive us. They 7. They allowed women to vote many years ago. Women 8. You should open the wine 3 hours before you use it. The 9. They suggested making the test easier. They 10. People think she is the most beautiful girl. She 11. It’s your duty to make tea for the party. You 12. They let their children go to the zoo last Sunday. Their 13. He had the neighbor mend the chair. He 14. The walls need painting. The 15. He made me clean all the plates last night. I 16. Don’t close the door. The 30
31. 17. People say he is very rich. He 18. We see her walk with him every evening. She 19. They had the typist type all their letters. They 20. I am going to ask the gardener to cut my fence tomorrow. I am 6 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Inversion 1. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.  Not only 2. He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang.  No sooner 3. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.  Hardly 4. He didn’t finish his work until the bell rang.  Not until 5. We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months.  Only after 6. I have never seen anyone in my life drink as much as you.  Never 7. A sleeping dog was lying under the table.  Under 8. His brother had rarely been more excited.  Rarely 9. The facts were not all made public until later.  Only 10. If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.  Had 11. We have never gone to Paris before.  At no time 12. They had hardly come home when it started raining.  Hardly 13. The students had sooner arrived the class when the teacher came.  No sooner 14. The teacher cannot become friendly until the students get along with him.  Not until 15. He can only succeed when he tries his best to study.  Only when 16. I cannot recognise who he is before he gets in the room.  Only after 17. She is so attractive that many boys run after her.  So 18. I will never say that again.  Never 19. I seldom skip breakfast.  Seldom 31
32. 20. A seal is lying on the beach.  On the beach 7 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Exercise - Subjunctives 1. The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer. Only after . 2. Alice and Charles did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second son. Only when . 3. He forgot about the gun until he got home. Not until 4. The truth only came out on the publication of the general’s personal diaries. Only when 5. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back Hardly . 6. Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill. No sooner 7. These new machines have put an end to queuing. Before these . 8. Every one started complaining the moment the announcement was made. No sooner . 9. I didn’t realise who he was until later. Only later 10. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had gone home. Only 11. There is always trouble when he comes to visit us. Whenever 12. She didn’t say a word as she left the room. She left the room . 13. We only dispatch goods after receiving the money. Only after the money . 14. John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing. Not until 15. They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left. Only after a 8. Rewrite the following sentences using infinitive phrase / clause: 1 People use money so that they can buy things they need. (in order to)  . 2 Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe. (in order to)  . 3 Mr. Brown is going to the bank to borrow some money. (so that )  . 4 Alice borrowed an eraser to erase a mistake in his composition. (so that )  . 5 I need to buy some laundry detergent so that I will wash my clothes. (in order to)  . 32
33. 6 I moved to the front of the room so as to see better. (so that )  . 7 I came to this school so that I could learn English . (in order to)  . 8 He gave her the key for her to open the door. (so that )  . 9 Mary took her brother to school for him to learn English. (so that )  . 10 Please arrive early for us to start the meeting on time. (so that )  . 11 He wrote to David of his interest in science to ask for work. (so that )  . 12 Kathy built a high wall round her garden for the fruits not to be stolen. (so that)  . 13 Tom was playing very softly so that he wouldn’t disturb anyone. (in order not to)  . 14 They rushed into the burning house so that they could save the child. (in order to)  . 15 Lan often attends English Speaking Club to practice speaking English. (so that )  . 16 He stood on the chair to see better. (in order to)  . 17 Please shut the gate for the cows not to get out of the cowshed. (so that )  . 18 The boy tiptoed into the room not to wake every body up. (so that )  . 19. She said nothing . She didn’t want to make him angry (so as to)  . 20. Minh does morning exercises regularly. He wants to be healthy ( so as to )  . Exercise – so that/ such that 9 Rewrite sentences using so that or such .that 1. The room was so untidy that it took us one hour to clean it. It was 2. The boy was so fool that no one took any notice of him. He was 3. The film is so long that they can't broadcast it on one night. It is 4. The books are so interesting that we have read them many times. They are 5. The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it. It was 6. The food was so hot that it turned my tongue. It was 7. There is so much rain that we can't go out. There is such 8. The boy is so fat that everybody calls him Stuffy. 33
34. He is 9. The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more. It is 10. The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden. It was 10 Rewrite sentences using TOO TO 1. The weather is so bad that we can’t go out. The weather is too 2. The film was so boring that we couldn’t go on seeing it. The film was too 3. He was so old that he couldn’t run fast. . He was too 4. He spoke so fast that we couldn’t understand him. He spoke too 5. The fair was so noisy that we couldn’t hear each other. The fair was too . 6. You speak so fast that I can’t catch up with your words. You speak too 7. It is so early that we can’t go out. It is too 8. The water is so hot that I can’t drink it. The water is too 9. The restaurant is so expensive that we can’t eat in that restaurant. The restaurant is too 10. He studied so badly that he couldn’t pass the exam. He studied too . Exercise - Comparison 11 Rewrite sentences using TOO TO 1. Nobody else in the class is fatter than Mary. Mary is the . 2. I haven’t written as much as you. You have written 3. Tom’s hair was not as long as Mary’s. Mary’s hair was . 4. No student in the school is noisier than I am. I am the 5. The first film was not as interesting as this one. This film was 6. This house is not so expensive as that one. That house is the 7. My dog ate more than your dog. Your dog didn’t . 8. Volleyball is not as exciting as football. Football is . 9. Tom isn’t as interested in movies as his father. Tom’s father is . 10. Mary is the best cook in this class. 34
35. No one else . 12 Rewrite the sentences. EXERCISES1 (REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS) 1. Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock” 2. Thomas said “All the students will have a meeting next week” 3. She said “My parents are very proud of my good marks” 4. The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully” 5. Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend” 6. She said “I may visit my parents in summer” 7. The teacher said “We can collect old book for the poor students” 8. She said “I don’t buy this book” 9. The boys said “We have to try our best to win the match” 10. Her classmate said “Ha is the most intelligent girl in our class” 13 Rewrite the sentences. EXERCISE 2 (REPORTED SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS) 1. “Do you enjoy reading?” Mike asked Peter 2. “Do you like sports?” Hang asked Nam 3. “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam 4. “Are there some oranges in the fridge?” She asked her mom 5. “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend 6. “Did you go to Hue three years ago?” Tam asked Peter 7. “Are Tam and Hoa late for class?” Tuan asked Lan 8. She said to me “Can you speak Chinese?” 9. “Will you be here for five days?” Tam asked Thu 10. “Were you reading this book at 8 o’clock last Sunday?” She asked Ba 14 Rewrite the sentences. 35
36. EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: WH-QUESTIONS) 1. “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me 2. “How many people are there in your family?” She asked John 3. Tam’s friend asked him “How long will you stay in England?” 4. “What time doesthe film begin?” She asked her mom 5. The teacher said to Lien “What‘s your hobby?” 6. “How do you go to the airport?” His friend asked him 7. “How much does this dress cost?” Ann asked her mother 8. Mary asked David “How often do you wash your clothes?” 9. “When will your father leave Vietnam for the USA?” Phong asked Thu 10. “How many books do the students need?” The librarian asked my teacher 15 Rewrite the sentences. EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES). 1. “If I had any money I'd buy you a drink,” she said to me. She told me 2. “If I catch the plane I'll be home by five,” he said. He said if 3. “You should stay in bed if you feel unwell.” my mother said. My mother said that if 4. “What would you do if you were having a problem with grammar, Jane?” Anne asked. Anne asked Jane what she 5. “If I'd had my mobile yesterday, I could have contacted you,” Matthew said. Matthew said if he 6. “If I were you, I'd stop smoking,” she said to her brother. She advised 7. “If the baby is a girl what will they call her?” he wondered. He wondered what 8. “If I don't practise my English I won't get any better,” she said. She said if she 9. “I'd have been in bad trouble if Jane hadn't helped me,” he said. He said he 10. “If the door is clocked what shall I do?” she asked. She asked what she 16 Rewrite the sentences. EXERCISES: REPORTED SPEECH WITH INFINITIVE 36
37. 1. “I’ll wait for you. I promise,” he said to me. He promised 2. “Please, please turn off the T.V, John,” said Tom. Tom begged 3. His mother said to him: “Open the window please!” His mother told 4. He said to me: “Shut the door after you”. He told 5. The captain said to them: “Wait here still I come back”. The captain ordered 6. “Mr. Brown, this is Miss White,” he said. He introduced 7. He said to me: “Don’t come back before one o’clock”. He asked 8. My mother said: “Don’t forget to lock the door”. My mother told 9. “Don’t touch that switch, Peter.” I said I warned 10. “Come and have dinner with us” Rosy said to John. Rosy persuaded 17 Rewrite the sentences. EXERCISES: REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND 1. “Shall we go for a swim now?” She suggested 2. “I know I’m wrong,” he said. He admitted 3. “I didn’t say that,” He said. He denied 4. “If only I had told him the truth!” Jane regrets 5. “I haven’t finished the assignment yet. I’m really sorry”. The boy apologized 6. “It’s you who took my bag,” said the man to the boy. The man accused 7. “No, no .I really must sit for the test.” She insisted on 8. “What I always want is to become a doctor,” she said. She dreamt 9. “I can’t let you use the mobile phone,” his mother said. His mother prevented 10. “It’s really nice of you to visit me,” she said to him. She thanked 18 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Các dạng đề thường cho là : S + V + ADV => S +BE + (a/an) ADJ + N (người) 1. She cooks very well. She is a . 37
38. 2. My aunt teaches English very well. My aunt is . 3. He cycles very slowly. He is 4. He types carefully. He is . 5. These children are quick runners. These children can . 6. My father plays soccer very well. My father is a 7. I drive very badly. I am a 8. She sings very beautifully. She is a 9. He works very hard. He is 10. Tom swims very fast. Tom is 19 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. price/value/cost of N + go up/ rise/ increase/ fall/ decrease/ drop + adv There to be/ has been/ have been +a/an + adj + fall/rise/ increase/decline 1. There have been more redundancies this year than before. There has been a rise 2. The number of people out of work has been going down little by little. There has 3. Customs officials are stopping more travelers than usual this week. An increased 4. We haven’t sold many cars this month. →There has 5. The number of accidents has gone down steadily since the speed limit was imposed. → There has 6. The Yeti has very rarely been seen at this altitude. →There have been 7. The team is the same as it for last Saturday’s match. →There have . 8. Birth rates have fallen sharply recently. There . . 9. The protest has been so vociferous that the committee has had to reconsider. There has been 10. The rate of unemployment hasn’t increased quite as much this year compared to previous years. This year the rate of unemployment has increased 20 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. SURPRISE 1. Imagine my surprise when a policemen appeared at the door. 38
39. When a policeman appeared at the door, I was 2. Your decision to get married before finishing your degree surprised us. We were 3. We weren’t surprised by his success. It came 4. I wasn’t a bit surprised to hear that Karen had changed her job. It came . 5. Everyone was surprised to see Geoff leave the party early. To 6. I was surprised to find out that Martin hadn't married Jane. It came 7. We had expected Pedro to get promoted. Pedro's promotion came . 8. He refused to help, which surprised us. His . 9. We were surprised to see Long leave the room. → To . 10. I was surprised at how easy he was to talk to. I hadn’t expected 21 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Exercise - Intend 1. I don’t intend to tell you my plans. I have 2. I don't intend to apologise to either of them. I have 3. I certainly don’t intend to reply to that rude letter from Edward. I have . 4. I never intended to go to the wedding. I never had 5. The company does not intend to create any redundancies even though profits are down. Even though profits are down, the company has 6. Rick does not intend to see that film again. Rick has 22 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Exercise – Succeed / manage/ fail 1. The fox was unsuccessful in reaching the grapes. →The fox tried 2. Unfortunately, all his efforts were unsuccessful. Unfortunately, all nothing 3. Were you successful in passing the exam? Did you the exam? 4. After fighting the fire for 12 hours the firemen succeeded in putting it out. The firemen managed . 5. Success depends on hard work. → The harder 6. The engine failed because a part had been badly fitted. The engine failure 39
40. 7. You may be disqualified if you don’t obey the regulations. →Failure . 8. Success in the academic field depends on your ability to amass qualifications. The more 9. The only reason the party was a success was that a famous film star attended. Had it not 10. Her success went beyond her expectation. Never 23 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Exercise - Likely 1. It is likely that my friends haven’t received my letter yet. My friends 2. It is fairly unlikely that he will be convicted of the offence. There 3. It is more than likely that she will succeed as an actress. →She has . 4. It is hardly likely that he took poison. He is 5. This old car probably won’t last for more than three years. It’s unlikely 24 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Exercise – Chance/ opportunity 1. The chances are a hundred against you. It’s most . 2. All of you are likely to be able to enter college. The 3. It’s such a wonderfful opportunity that we mustn’t miss it. It is too 4. I really regret to have lost the opportunity to get the promotion. →I really regret to have 5. It's very unlikely that we will promote Ruth this year. There is very little 6. He wondered how likely it was that he would get top marks again. He asked himself what . 7. If I’m lucky , I might get the job I’ve applied for . There is a chance that , . 8. It is not very likely that Mark will be given the promotion. Mark has 9. There's a chance that you might find some interesting wildlife, so take a camera with you. You should . wildlife. 10. Tom should have admitted his mistake as the company usually gives employees another chance. The company might . 40
41. 25 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Exercise – Possible 1. It was impossible to work in that condition. Working 2. The heavy rain made it impossible for us to have a picnic. We were . 3. Roses can’t possibly grow in such poor ground. It’s impossible . 4. He found that it was impossible to study at home. He found . 5. It would not have been possible to solve that puzzle, even for a genius. That puzzle 6. I’m absolutely sure he took the money on purpose. He couldn’t possibly 7. She most certainly wasn’t in London on the 26th. She couldn’t possibly . 8. Can I speak to someone about my problem? Would it . 9. We can’t possibly study in all this noise. → It 10. It won’t be possible for me to pay a visit to that place again. → I am afraid I 26 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Change 1. The team is the same as it for last Saturday’s match. →There have . 2. This government has changed its taxation policy completely since the last general election. →This government has undergone . 3. Critics are hoping the new director can bring some positive changes into the French film industry. →Critics are 4. If you hadn’t changed our original agreement, everything would have been fine. →If you had 5. He has changed his opinion on the house. He has made . 6. Unless the weather changes dramatically overnight, the match will go ahead as planned. Provided . 27 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Seem 1. It seems to me that I met you in Cardiff in 1991. I seem 2. It seems that he doesn’t see what you mean. He doesn’t seem . 41
42. 3. It seems to me that he did Ph. D in the US in 1979. He seems to 4. It seems to me that her playing has developed amazingly in the past year. Her playing 5. She seemed quite unhappy when I saw her last week. ( look) When I saw her last week at all. 6. He seemed to be worried about something. I had . 7. The room seemed to have been unoccupied for weeks. It looked 8. It looks as if he's forgotten about the meeting again. He seems . 9. Apparently, only one percent of the total land is used for agricultural production. It seems that agricultural production . 10. It is my impression that she is enjoying her new job a great deal. She seems . 28 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Mind 1. I'm quite happy to look after the baby for you. → I don't mind 2. I'll help you with your homework. I don’t 3. I haven’t decided yet whether to move or not. I haven’t 4. Do you mind if I come over to see you later? Do you ? 5. Sandra said that she was willing to work late. Sandra said that she didn’t 6. "Would you mind not smoking in my room?" she said to him. She didn’t let him 7. Would you mind turning the radio down? Could you 8. I would like you to help me to put the chairs away Do you mind 9. Please don’t interrupt me all the time Would you mind 10. I never thought that I would win a prize. →It had never 29 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Necessary 1. He is to blame for his mistakes. This is very necessary. It . 2. Is it really necessary for me to arrive so early? →Do I 3. It’s not necessary to shout. You . 4. It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf. You needn’t 42
43. 5. He didn’t need to be reminded about it. It wasn’t . 30 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Expect 1. The service at the hotel wasn't as good as I expected. The service at the hotel 2. Simon hadn’t expected that he would feel so weak after the operation.  The operation left 3. Her success went beyond her expectation. Never 4. His arrival was completely unexpected. →His arrival took . 5. His appearance was completely unexpected. →His appearance was beyond . 6. The concert was not as good as he had hoped. →The concert failed 7. She was just as good as they had thought. →She came 8. It is expected that the company can get more profit this year. →The company is . 9. No one really expected John to do so well in his exams. (TAKEN) Everyone was taken 10. They were just as good as we had expected. They certainly lived 31 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Exercise - Prevent 1. You can avoid tooth decay by brushing your teeth regularly. Brushing 2. Jo’s training accident meant she couldn’t take part in the race. Jo’s training accident 3. Martin may not be very well but she still manages to enjoy life. →Martin’s poor health doesn’t prevent/stop him from enjoying life. 4. I would do anything to prevent him from going there. →There is . 5. Susan couldn't get to the date because of the heavy rain. The heavy rain 6. That fence is there to prevent you entering the grounds of the house. They put the fence there . enter the grounds of the house. 7. I wanted to make sure that all my good work wasn't wasted in that way. I wanted to prevent . 8. His disabilities did not prevent him from sailing around the world. Despite the fact 9. I couldn’t go to work because of the transport strike. I was 10. He could not sleep because the traffic was noisy. The noise 32 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Exercise – Worth/ point/ use 43
44. 1. That old typewriter is not worth repairing. Repairing that 2. It is pointless to have that old typewriter repaired. That old typewritter is not . 3. It’s not worth living to make her change her mind. There’s 4. There is no point in asking Gorge to help. It isn’t 5. It is not worth trying to save endangered species. It is a 6. Do you think this antique vase is good value for money? In your opinion, is this . .? 7. There is no point in your phoning Caroline – she’s away. →It is a 8. You can try to get Tim to lend you his car but you won’t succeed. There’s no 9. It was a waste of time attending the protest, as the council had already made its decision. We needn't 10. Don’t try to eacape. It’s no use. It’s no use . 33 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. Spend 1. It takes me an hour to get to London. I spend 2. It takes six hours to drive from here to London. It is . 3. I walk to school in twenty minutes everyday. It . 4. Last week , she spent two days tidying her room. It 5. They used to go to school in half an hour . It 6. We often spend 30 minutes reviewing our lesson before class. It 7. It took him twelve hours to fly from Hanoi to London. He 8. It is a three-hour drive from Hanoi to Namdinh. It takes 9. It took us five hours to get to London We 10. He wrote the report in two hours It took 3.4. KEYS 1. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. 1. It’s ages since I played football 44
45. 2. It’s three years since I last was to Ha long. The last time I was to Ha long was three years ago. 3. She last saw her mother when she left for Pairs. 4. I haven’t gone to Hanoi was over fours years It’s over fours years since I last went to Hanoi. 5. I haven’t seen her since she returned to her home town. 6. When did you sell your old house? 7. It’s the first time she has spoken 8. She has never driven a car before. 9. I last heard from him in July The last time I heard from him was in July 10. My aunt started teaching English 40 years ago. 11. Before I went to school, I had gone over my lesson. After he had done all his exercises, he watched TV. 2. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. 1. It’s two years since I last went to the dentist’s 2. They have bought this house for ten years. 3. How long have you started the project? 4. I certainly won’t go to this restaurant again. 5. It is the first time I have ever seen that man. 6. He has learned to drive since he was 18. 7. It’s over six months since I last had my hair cut. 8. It’s hours and hours since Mary rang. 9. This is the first time I have ever eaten this kind of food. 10. She has been working as secretary for five years. 3. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. 1.However carefully he may drive, there is still a danger of accident in fog so dense 2. However much I pay this man, he is never satisfied 3. →However hard she works, she never seems to succeed. 4. However long it takes I will find that man. 5. However clever he is, I don’t think he will solve this problem. 6. However hard Adeles tries, she doesn't get anywhere/gets nowhere. 7. However clever he is, I don’t think he will solve this problem. 8. Busy as Melissa’s father was, he still played with her. 9. Much as I admire his courage, I think he is foolish 10. Friendly as he seems, he’s not to be trusted. 4 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1.If I am tired I can’t walk fast 2. I I were you I would take the bus 3. If they had bought a house yesterday, they might show it to us today. 4. Unless you work here you must not enter this building. 5. Unless I am saving for my holidays, I will spend a lot of money on clothes. 6. If you tried to learn, you could speak German very well. 7. If they knew something about new movies and actors they would go to the cinema. 8. If I had had enough time to revise, I could take that exam. 9. If we were in Zagreb we would see you. 45
46. 10. Without absolute secrecy, the mission wouldn’t have succeeded. 11. If it had not been cold we would not have turned the central heating on. 12. The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the prime Minister. 13. If the teacher had caught him cheating, he would not have passed the exam. 14. Should you see him, call me immediately 15. Were I not to earn much money, I would quit my stressful job. 5 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. Their task must be done now. 2. He expected a book to be bought 3. They want to be invited to the party 4. The road was opened 10 years ago. 5. All chairs can be mended for you now. 6. We expected to be forgiven 7. Women were allowed to vote many years ago. 8. The wine should be opened 3 hours before it is used. 9. They suggested the test should be made easier. 10. She is thought to be the most beautiful girl./ It is said she is the most beautiful girl. 11. You are supposed to make tea for the party. 12. Their children were allowed to go to the zoo last Sunday. 13. They had the chair mended by the neighbor. 14. The walls need to be painted. 15. I was made to clean all the plates last night. 16. The door mustn’t be closed . 17. He is said to be very rich. / It is said that he is very rich 18. She is seen to walk with him every evening 19. They had all their letters typed by the typist 20. I am going to have my fence cut by the gardener tomorrow. 6 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. Not only did he spent all his money but he even borrowed some from me. 2. No sooner had he left the office than the telephone rang 3. Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back. 4. Not until the bell rang did he finish his work. 5. Only after several months did we begin to see the symptoms of the disease. 6. Never have I seen anyone in my life drink as much as you. 7. Under the table was lying A sleeping dog. 8. Rarely had his brother been more excited. 9. Only later were the facts all made public. 10. Had I realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job. 11. At no time have we gone to Paris before. 12. Hardly had we come home when it started raining. 13. No sooner had the students arrived the class than the teacher came 14. Not until the students get along with him can the teacher become friendly. 15. Only when he tries his best to study can he only succeed. 16. Only after he gets in the room can I recognise who he is. 17. So attractive is she that many boys run after her. 18. Never will I say that again. 19. Seldom do I skip breakfast. 46
47. 20. On the beach is lying a seal. 7 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. Only after a new pay offer did the workers call off the strike. 2. Only when their second son was born did Alice and Charles decide to move a bigger house. 3. Not until he got home did he remember about the gun. 4. Only when the general’s personal diaries was published did the truth come out. 5. Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back 6. No sooner had he been appointed to the post than the new editor fell ill. 7. Before these new machines were invented people had to queue. 8. No sooner had everyone started complaining than the announcement was made. 9. Only later did I realise who he was. 10. Only after all the guests had gone home could we relax 11. Whenever he comes to visit us there is trouble. 12. She left the room without saying a word. 13. Only after the money has been received do we dispatch goods. 14. Not until John received the offer of promotion in writing did he celebrate. 15. Only after a twelve hour wait did their flight leave. 8. Rewrite the following sentences using infinitive phrase / clause: 1 People use money in order to buy things they need. 2) Banks are developed in order to keep people’s money safe. 3) Mr. Brown is going to the bank so that they can borrow some money. 4) Alice borrowed an eraser to so that they can erase a mistake in his composition. 5) I need to buy some laundry detergent in order to wash my clothes. 6) I moved to the front of the room so that they could see better. 7) I came to this school in order to learn English . 8) He gave her the key for her so that she could open the door. 9) Mary took her brother to school for him so that he could learn English. 10) Please arrive early for us so that we can start the meeting on time. 11) He wrote to David of his interest in science so that we could ask for work. 12) Kathy built a high wall round her garden for the fruits so that they could not be stolen. 13) Tom was playing very softly in order not to disturb anyone. 14) They rushed into the burning house in order to save the child. 15) Lan often attends English Speaking Club so that she can practice speaking English. 16) He stood on the chair in order not to see better. 17) Please shut the gate for the cows so that the cannot get out of the cowshed. 18) The boy tiptoed into the room so that he will not wake every body up 19. She said nothing so as not to make him angry 20. Minh does morning exercises regularly so as to be healthy 9 Rewrite sentences using so that or such .that 1. It is such a tidy room that it took us one hour to clean it. 2. He was such a fool man that no one took any notice of him. 3. It is such a long film that they can't broadcast it on one night. 4. They are such interesting books that we have read them many times. 5. It was such bad news that she burst into tears on hearing it. 6. It was such hot food that it turned my tongue. 7. There is such a lot of rain that we can't go out. 47
48. 8. He is such a fat boy that every calls him Stuffy. 9. It is such excellent milk that all the children want some more. 10. It was such warm weather that they had a walk in the garden 10 Rewrite sentences using TOO TO 1. The weather is too bad for us to go out 2. The film was too boring for us to go on seeing 3. He was too old to run fast 4. He spoke too fast for us to understand 5. The fair was too noisy for us to hear each other 6. You speak too fast for me to catch up with your words 7. It is too early for us to go out 8. The water is too hot for me to drink 9. The restaurant is too expensive for us to eat in 10. He studied too badly to pass the exam 11 Rewrite sentences using TOO TO 1. Mary is the fattest in the class. 2. You have written more than I have/ me. 3. Mary’s hair was longer than Tom's. 4. I am the noisiest student in the school. 5. This film was more interesting than the first one. 6. That house is more expensive than this one. 7. Your dog didn’t eat as much as mine. 8. Football is more exciting than volleyball. 9. Tom’s father is more interested in movies than him. 10. No one else cooks better than Mary. 12 Rewrite the sentences. 1. Nam said that he was told to be at school before 7 o’clock 2. Thomas said that All the students would have a meeting thenext week 3. She said that her parents were very proud of her good marks 4. The teacher said that All the homework had to be done carefully 5. Her father told her she could go to the movie with her friend 6. she said she might visit her parents in summer 7. The teacher said they could collect old book for the poor students 8. She said she did not buy that book. 9. The boys said they had to try their best to win the match 10. Her classmate said that Ha was the most intelligent girl in their class 13 Rewrite the sentences. 1. Mike asked Peter if he enjoyed reading 2. Hang asked nam if he liked sports 3. She asked Nam if his sister and brother went to the same school. 4. She asked her mother if there were some oranges in the fridge 5. He asked his friend if it would rain the following morning 6. Tam asked Peter if he had gone to Hue three years before 48
49. 7. Tuan asked Lan if Tam and Hoa were late for class 8. She asked me if I could speak Chinese 9. Tam asked Thu if she would be there for five days 10. She asked Ba if he had been reading that book at 8 oclock the previous Sunday 14 Rewrite the sentences. 1. The teacher asked me Where my father worked 2. She asked John how many people there were in his family 3. Tam’s friend asked him how long he would stay in England 4. She asked her mom what time the film began 5. The teacher asked Lien What her hobby was 6. His friend asked him how he went to the airport. 7. Ann asked her mother how much that dress cost 8. Mary asked David how often he washed his clothes 9. Phong asked Thu When his father left Vietnam for the USA. 10. The librarian asked my teacher how many books the students needed 15 Rewrite the sentences. 1. She told me if she had any money she'd buy me a drink 2. He said if he caught the plane he would be home by five 3. My mother said that I should stay if I feel unwell 4 Anne asked Jane what she would do she were having a problem with grammar 5. Matthew said if he could have contacted me If she'd had my mobile yesterday 6. She advised me to stop smoking 7. He wondered what they would call her if the baby was a girl 8. She said if she did not practice her English she wouldn’t get any better 9. He said he'd have been in bad trouble if Jane hadn't helped him 10. She asked what she should do if the door was clocked 16 Rewrite the sentences. 1. He promised to wait for me 2. Tom begged John to turn off the TV 3. His mother told him to open the window 4. He told me to shut the door after me 5. The captain ordered them to wait their till he came back 6. He introduced Miss White to Mr. Brown 7. He asked me not to come back before one o’clock. 8. My mother told us to lock the door 9. I warned Peter not to touch that switch 10. Rosy persuaded John to come and have dinner with them 17 Rewrite the sentences. Key 1. She suggested going for a swim then 2. He admitted being wrong 3. He denied saying that 49
50. 4. Jane regrets not having told the truth 5. The boy apologized for not finishing the assignment 6. The man accused the boy of taking his bag 7. She insisted on sitting for the test 8. She dreamt of becoming a doctor 9. His mother prevented me from using the mobile phone 10. She thanked him for visiting her. 18 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. She is a good cook 2. My aunt is a very good English teacher / very good teacher of English 3. He is a very slow cyclist. 4. He is a careful typist. 5. These children can run quickly. 6. My father is a very good soccer player. 7. I am a very bad driver. 8. She is a good singer. 9. He is a very hard worker. 10. Tom is a very fast swimmer. 19 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. There has been a rise in the number of redundancies this year. 2. There has been a gradual decrease/decline/fall in the number of people out of work. 3. An increased number of travellers is being stopped by customs officials this week. 4. There has been little demand for cars this month. 5. There has been a steady decline in the number of accidents since the speed limit was imposed. 6. There have been very few sightings of the Yeti at this altitude. 7. There have been no changes to the team since last Saturday’s match. 8. There has been a sharp decline in birth race recently 9. There has been such a vociferous protest that the committee has had to reconsider. 10. This year the rate of unemployment has increased slightly slightly less than it did in previous years. 20 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. When a policeman appeared at the door, I was surprised 2. We were surprised that you decided to get married before finishing your degree 3. It came as no surprise that he succeeded. 4. It came as no surprise to me that Karen had changed her job. 5. To everyone’s surprise, Geoff left the party early 6. It came as a surprise to me that Martin hadn't married Jane. 7. Pedro's promotion came as a surprise to us. 8. His refusal to help surprised us 9. To our surprise, Long left the room early. 10. I hadn’t expected him to be so easy to talk to. 21 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. I have no intention of telling you my plan. 2. I have no intention of apologising to either of them. 50
51. 3. I have no intention of replying to that rude letter from Edward. 4. I never had any intention of going to the wedding 5. Even though profits are down, the company has no intention of making 6. Rick has no intention of seeing that film again. 22 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. The fox tried in vain to reach the grapes. 2. Unfortunately all his efforts came to nothing. 3. Did you managed to pass the exam? 4. The firemen managed to put the fire out after fighting it for 12 hours 5. The harder you work, the more successful you are / will be. 6. The engine failure is caused by a badly fitted part 7. Failure to obey the regulations may cause your disqualification. 8. The more qualifications you are able to / can amass, the more successful you become / are in the academic field. , the more success you can / will make / have in the academic field. 9. Had it not been for the attendance of a famous film star the party wouldn’t have been a success.( would have been a failure) 10. Never had she expected she was so successful. // such success. 23 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. My friends are unlikely to have received my letter yet. 2. There is little likehood of his being convicted of the offence. 3. She has a good chance of success as an actress. 4. He is hardly likely to have taken poison. 5. It is unlikely that this old car will last for more than three years. 24 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. It’s most difficult for you to get the chances. 2. The chances are that all of you will be able to enter college. 3. It’s too wonderful an opportunity for us to miss. 4. I really regret to have missed the boat to get the promotion. 5. There is very little chance of Ruth being promoted this year. 6. He asked himself what were the chances of him getting top marks again 7. There is a chance that , I will get the job I’ve applied for . 8. Mark has little chance of getting the promotion. 9. You should take a camera with you in case you happen to come across some interesting 10. The company might have given him a second chance if he had admitted his mistake. 25 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. Working in that condition was impossible 2. We were impossible to have a picnic because of the heavy rain 3. It’s impossible to grow roses in such poor ground 4. He found it difficult to study at home. 5. That puzzle could not have been solved, even by a genius 6. He couldn’t possibly have taken the money by mistake. 7. She couldn’t possibly have been in London on the 26th. 51
52. 8. Would it be possible for me to talk to someone about my problem? 9. It is impossible for us to study in all this noise. 10. I am afraid I can’t pay a visit to that place again. 26 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. There have been no changes to the team since last Saturday’s match. 2. This government has undergone a complete change in its taxation policy since 3. Critics are hoping the new director can breathe new life into 4. If you had stuck to our original agreement, everything would have been fine. 5. He has made a change of heart on the house. 6. Provided there is no change in the weather overnight, the match will go. 27 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. I seem to have met you in Cardiff in 1991 2. He doesn’t seem to see what you mean 3. He seems to have done Ph.D in the US in 1979 4. Her playing seems to have developed amazingly in the past year. 5. When I saw her last week she did not look happy at all. 6. I had/got the impression that he was worried about something. 7. It looked though the room had been unoccupied for weeks. 8. He seems to have forgotten about the meeting again. 9. It seems that agricultural production accounts for (just/only) one percent of the total land. 10. She seems to be enjoying her new job a great deal. 28 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. I don’t mind looking after the baby for you 2. I don’t mind helping you with your homework. 3. I haven’t made up my mind whether to move or not. 4. Do you have any objection to me coming over to see you later? 5. Sandra said that she didn’t mind working late 6. She didn’t let him smoke in her room. 7. Could you turn the radion down? 8. Do you mind helping me to put the chairs away. 9. Would you mind not interrupting me all the time? 10. It had never crossed my mind that I would win a prize. 29 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. It is very necessary for him to be to blamed for his mistakes. 2. Do I have to arrive so early? 3. You don’t need to shout 4. You needn’t go to so much trouble on my behalf 5. It wasn’t necessary to remind him about it. 30 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. The service at the hotel did not come up to my expectations. 2. The operation left Simon feel weaker than he (had) expected. 3. Never had she expected she was so successful. // such success. 52
53. 4. His arrival took us completely by surprise. 5. His appearance was beyond our expectation. 6. The concert failed to come/live up to his expectations. 7. She came up to their expectations. 8. The company is expected to get more profit this year. 9. Everyone was taken by surprise when John did so well in his exams. 10. They certainly lived up to our expectation. 31 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. Brushing your teeth regularly can prevent tooth decay. 2. Jo’s accident prevented him from taking part in the race. 3. Martin’s poor health doesn’t prevent/stop him from enjoying life. 4. There is nothing I wouldn’t do to prevent him from going there. 5. The heavy rain prevented Susan from getting to the date. 6. They put the fence there so you can't enter the grounds of the house. 7. I wanted to prevent all my good work from being wasted. 8. Despite the fact that he was disabled, he sailed/managed to sail around the world. 9. I was prevented from going to work by transport strike. 10. The noise of the traffic prevented him from sleeping 32 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. Repairing that old typewriter is pointless. 2. That old typewritter is not worth having that old typewriter repaired. 3. There’s no need to make her change her mind. 4. It isn’t worth asking George to help. 5. It is a waste of time trying to save endangered species. 6. In your opinion, is this antique vase worth buying? 7. It is a waste of time phoning Caroline – she’s away. 8. There’s no point (in) (you/your) trying to get Tim to lend you his car/to borrow Tim’s car. 9. We needn't have taken part in the protest, as the council had already made its decision. 10. It’s no use escaping 33 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given. 1. I spend an hour getting to London 2. It is a six hour drive from here to London. 3. It takes me twenty minutes to walk to school everyday. 4. It took her two days to tidy her room last week 5. It used to take them half an hour to go to school 6. It takes us 30 minutes to review our lesson before class 7. He spent twelve hours flying from Hanoi to London 8. It takes three hours to drive from Hanoi to Namdinh. 9. We spent five hours getting to London 10. It took him 2 hours to write the letter. ___THE END___ 53