Trọng tâm ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh THPT - Chuyên đề: Mệnh đề quan hệ - Trương Đăng Ái

Nội dung text: Trọng tâm ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh THPT - Chuyên đề: Mệnh đề quan hệ - Trương Đăng Ái

1. Zalo: 033.926.4002
2. I. Định nghĩa mệnh đề quan hệ: Mệnh đề (Clause) là một phần của câu, nó có thể bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc của cả một câu. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để giải thích rõ hơn về danh từ đứng trước nó. Xét ví dụ 1: The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girlfriend. Trong câu này phần được viết chữ nghiêng được gọi là một relative clause, nó đứng sau “the woman” và dùng để xác định danh từ đó. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này ra chúng ta vẫn có một câu hoàn chỉnh: The woman is my girlfriend. Xét ví dụ 2: The girl is Nam's girlfriend. She is sitting next to me. → The girl who is sitting next to me is Nam's girlfriend. Mệnh đề quan hệ thường được nối với mệnh đề chính bằng các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns): who, whom, which, whose, that. Zalo: 033.926.4002
3. II. Các loại mệnh đề a. Mệnh đề xác định (Defining relative clauses): - Là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó,cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu; không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Tất cả các đại từ quan hệ được sử dụng trong mệnh đề xác định. Ví dụ: - Do you know the name of the man who came here yesterday? ➨ The man (whom/ that) you met yesterday is coming to my house for dinner. ➨ Mệnh đề xác định không có dấu phẩy b. Mệnh đề không xác định (Non – defining clauses): - Là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật, không có nó thì câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Ví dụ: - Miss Hoa, who taught me English, has just got married. ➨ Mệnh đề không xác định có dấu phẩy và Mệnh đề này không được dùng “That” Zalo: 033.926.4002
4. III. Các dạng mệnh đề Quan hệ A. Relative Pronouns (Đại từ quan hệ) Đại từ quan hệ Cách sử dụng Ví dụ Who Làm chủ ngữ, đại diện ngôi I told you about the woman who người lives next door. which - Làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ, đại - Do you see the cat which is diện ngôi đồ vật, động vật. lying on the roof? - Bổ sung cho cả câu đứng trước - He couldn’t read which nó surprised me whose Chỉ sở hữu cho người và vật Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? whom Đại diện cho tân ngữ chỉ người I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference. That Đại diện cho chủ ngữ chỉ người, I don’t like the table that stands vật, đặc biệt trong mệnh đề in the kitchen. quan hệ xác định (who, which vẫn có thê sử dụng được) Zalo: 033.926.4002
5. IV. Trường hợp bắt buộc dùng that và không được dùng that: Trường hợp phải dùng that: sau một danh từ hỗn hợp (vừa chỉ người, vừa chỉ vật hoặc đồ vật). Ví dụ: We can see a lot of people and cattle that are going to the field - Sau đại từ bất định: Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting. - Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, ALL, EVERY, VERY, ONLY: Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have. - All that is mine is yours. - You are the only person that can help us. - Trong cấu trúc It + be + + that (chính là ) Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence. [Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.] Trường hợp không dùng that: mệnh đề có dấu (,), ĐTQH có giới từ đứng trước. Lưu ý: Giới từ chỉ đứng trước whom và which, không đứng trước who và that Ví dụ: Peter, who/ whom I played tennis with on Sunday, was fitter than me. Or: Peter, with whom I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me. Not: Peter, with who I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me. Zalo: 033.926.4002
6. V. Relative adverbs (Trạng từ quan hệ): Trạng từ quan hệ có thể được sử dụng thay cho một đại từ quan hệ và giới từ. Cách làm này sẽ làm cho câu dễ hiểu hơn. Ví dụ: This is the shop in which I bought my bike. ➨ This is the shop where I bought my bike. Trạng từ quan hệ Nghĩa Cách sử dụng Ví dụ when in/on which Đại diện cho cụm the day when we thời gian met him where in/at which Đại diện cho nơi the place where we chốn met him why for which Đại diện cho lí do the reason why we met him Zalo: 033.926.4002
7. Diễn giải: 1. WHY: Trạng từ quan hệ why mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason. N (reason) + WHY + S + V Ví dụ 1: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason. → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school. Ví dụ 2: I don't know the reason. You didn't go to school for that reason. → I don't know the reason why you didn't go to school. 2. WHERE: Trạng từ quan hệ để thay thế cho các từ/ cụm từ chỉ địa điểm, nơi chốn. . N (place) + WHERE + S + V . (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ví dụ 1: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed t that hotel. → The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean. Ví dụ 2: This is my hometown. I was born and grew up here. → This is my hometown where I was born and grew up. Ví dụ 3: The restaurant where we had Lunch was near the airport. Zalo: 033.926.4002
8. 3. WHEN: Là trạng từ quan hệ để thay thế cho cụm từ/ từ chỉ thời gian. . N (time) + WHEN + S + V (WHEN = ON/ IN/ AT + WHICH) Ví dụ 1: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day. ➨ Do you still remember the day when we first met? ➨ Do you still remember the day on which we first met? Ví dụ 2: - I don’t know the time. She will come back then. ➨ I don’t know the time when she will come back. - That was the day. I met my wife on this day. ➨That was the day when I met my wife. Zalo: 033.926.4002
9. * Lưu ý cần nhớ trong mệnh đề quan hệ 1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.) Ví dụ: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year. ➨ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher. ➨ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher. 2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước. Ví dụ: She can’t come to my birthday party. That makes me sad. ➨ She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad. 3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who. Ví dụ: I’d like to talk to the man whom/ who I met at your birthday party. 4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định, chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which. Ví dụ: - The girl (whom) you met yesterday is my close friend. - The book (which) you lent me was very interesting. Zalo: 033.926.4002
10. 5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng: some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of có thể được dùng trước whom, which. Ví dụ 1: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her. Ví dụ 2: Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers. ➨ Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers. Ví dụ 3: He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them. ➨ He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer. 6. KHÔNG dùng THAT, WHO sau giới từ. Ví dụ: The house in that I was born is for sale. Zalo: 033.926.4002
11. VI. MỆNH ĐỀ RÚT GỌN - REDUCE RELATIVE CLAUSES 1. Active: Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing). Ví dụ: - The man who stands at the door is my uncle. ➨ The man standing at the door is my uncle. - The man who stood at the door is my uncle. ➨ The man standing at the door is my uncle. 2. Passive: Ta có thể dùng past participle (V2) để thay thế cho mệnh đề đề quan hệ khi nó mang nghĩa bị động Ví dụ: - The woman who is/ was given a flower looks/ looked very happy. ➨ The woman given a flower looks / looked very happy. 3. Rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu - Infinitive relative clause (active/ passive) Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có các cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặc hình thức so sánh bậc nhất. Ví dụ: a. Active: - The first student who comes to class has to clean the board. ➨ The first student to come to class has to clean the board. b. Passive: - The only room which was painted yesterday was Mary’s. ➨ The only room to be painted yesterday was Mary’s. Zalo: 033.926.4002
12. Bài tập ứng dụng 1: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành các câu sau hoặc chọn đáp án có câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu gốc: 1. She is talking about the author ___ book is one of the best-sellers this year. A. which B. whose C. that D. who 2. He bought all the books ___ are needed for the next exam. A. that B. what C. those D. who 3. The children, ___ parents are famous teachers, are taught well. A. that B. whom C. whose D. their 4. Do you know the boy ___ we met at the party last week? A. which B. whose C. who D. whom 5. The exercises which we are doing ___ very easy. A. is B. has been C. are D. was 6. The man ___ next to me kept talking during the film, ___ really annoyed me. A. having sat/ that B. sitting/ which C. to sit/ what D. sitting/ who Zalo: 033.926.4002
13. 7. Was Neil Armstrong the first person ___ foot on the moon? A. set B. setting C. to set D. who was set 8. This is the village in ___ my family and I have lived for over 20 years. A. which B. that C. whom D. where 9. My mother, ___ everyone admires, is a famous teacher. A. where B. whom C. which D. whose 10. The old building ___ is in front of my house fell down. A. of which B. which C. whose D. whom 11. We need a teacher ___ native language is English. A. Who B. whose C. whom D. that 12. I bought a T- shirt ___ is very nice. A. who B. whose C. whom D. that l3. The woman, ___ was sitting in the meeting hall, didn't seem friendly to us at all. A. who B. whom C. where D. when 14. The man with ___ I have been working is very friendly. A. who B. that C which D. whom 15. We'll come in May ___ the schools are on holiday. A. that B. where C. which D. when Zalo: 033.926.4002
14. Bài tập ứng dụng 2: Join the sentences. Use relative clauses: Example: - Tet is a festival. Tet occurs in late January or early February. ➨ Tet is a festival that occurs in late January or early February. a) Auld Lang Syne is a song. Auld Lang Syne is sung on New Year’s Eve. ➨ b) This watch is a gift. The watch was given to me by my aunt on my 14th birthday. ➨ c) My friend Tom can compose songs. Tom sings Western folk songs very well. ➨ d) We often go to the town cultural house. The town cultural house always opens on public holidays. ➨ e) I like reading books. Books tell about different peoples and their cultures. ➨ Zalo: 033.926.4002
15. f) On my mom’s birthday, ray dad gave her roses. The roses were very sweet and beautiful. ➨ g) Judy liked the full-moon festival very much. The festival is celebrated in mid-fall. ➨ h) Tomorrow I'll go to the airport to meet my friends. My friends come to stay with us for Christmas. ➨ Zalo: 033.926.4002
16. Bài tập ứng dụng 3: Describe each of the people in the pictures. Use relative clauses: Example: - I am the boy who is wearing a white T-shirt. - My Aunt Judy is the woman who is holding Jack. Zalo: 033.926.4002
17. Bài tập ứng dụng 4: Complete each sentence, using who, whom, or whose. 1. A pacifist is a person believes that all wars are wrong. ➨ 2. An orphan is a child . parents are dead. ➨ 3. I don’t know the name of the woman I met yesterday. ➨ 4. This school is only for children . first language is not English. ➨ 5. The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday. ➨ Zalo: 033.926.4002
18. Bài tập ứng dụng 5: Join the sentences, using who, that, or which: 1. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away. ➨ 2. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient. ➨ 3. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt. ➨ 4. Some people were arrested. They have now been released. ➨ 5. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half an hour. Zalo: 033.926.4002
19. Bài tập ứng dụng 6: Join the sentences below, using who, whose, or which. 1. Peter is studying French and German. He has never been abroad. ➨ 2. You’ve all met Michael Wood. He is visiting us for a couple of days. ➨ 3. We are moving to Manchester. Manchester is in the north-west. ➨ 4. I’ll be staying with Adrian. His brother is one of my closest friends. ➨ 5. John Bridge is one of my oldest friends. He has just gone to live in Canada. ➨ Zalo: 033.926.4002
20. b. Join the sentences, using who or which: 1. The Earth is a planet. It can support life. ➨ 2. The book is about a girl. She runs away from home. ➨ 3. A dictionary is a book. It gives you the meanings of words. ➨ Zalo: 033.926.4002
21. B. Choose the word or phrase, A, B, C, or D, that best completes the sentence. 16. My mother enjoys hill walking. A. who is in her seventies B. that is in her seventies C. which is in her seventies D. who is in her seventies 17. She's one of the kindest people A. that I know B. whose I know C. who I know D. which I know 18. Where is the house ? A. where they are living B. which they are living C. where they are living there D. where they are living in 19. She lives in the house A. which has the red door B. has the red door C. that with the red door D. with its red door 20. Mark Twain is an author I like best. A. his books B. that books C. the book of whom D. whose books Zalo: 033.926.4002
22. 21. The problem never occurred. A. I hadn't expected it B. that I had expected it C. who I had expected D. I had expected 22. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, A. engineers were educated there B. where engineers were educated C. in which were engineers educated D. where were engineers educated 23. It was the ragtime pianist Scott Joplin the Maple Leaf Rag, perhaps the best known of all ragtime tunes. A. wrote B. the writer of C. who wrote D. writing 24. A keystone species is a species of plants and animals absence has a major effect on an ecological system. A. that its B. its C. whose D. with its 25. William Samuel Johnson, helped write the Constitution, became the first president of Columbia College in 1787. A. whom he had B. who had C. and he had D. had Zalo: 033.926.4002
23. Bài tập ứng dụng 7: Underline the relative clauses in these sentences, and indicate if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND). Add a comma where required. 1. Washington D.C. which is located on the East Coast of the United States has many interesting and historical places to visit. 2. Brasilia which is located on the Granada River became the capital of Brazil in 1960. 3. Mexico City which has a population of nearly 20,000.000 is the largest metropolitan area in the world. 4. Seoul which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics is well-known for its shopping centres. 5. Kyoto which used to be the capital of Japan has many temples. Zalo: 033.926.4002
24. Bài tập ứng dụng 8: Add who, whose, whom or which to complete the following sentences: 1. There is one person to I owe more than I can say. 2. It was the kind of accident for nobody was really to blame. 3. leaves last should turn off the lights. 4. Mary was late yesterday, was unusual for her. 5. At 6.00 pm, . was an hour before the plane was due, thick fog descended. 6. I don’t know told you that, but they were wrong. 7. Mrs Brown was the first owner dog won three prizes in the same show. 8. I’ve just spoken to Sally, sends you her love. 9. On Sunday, was my birthday, we went out for a meal. 10. The success of a shared holiday depends on you share it with. Zalo: 033.926.4002
25. 6. The cowboy fell off his horse. He had been wounded by an arrow. a. b. 7. Most of the people recovered quickly. They were injured in the crash. a. b. 8. John looked anxiously at his watch. He wished he hadn’t come to the party. a. b. 9. The children were playing football in the schoolyard. They were my students. a. b. 10. Vietnam exports a lot of rice. It is grown mainly in the south of the country. a. b. Zalo: 033.926.4002
26. Bài tập ứng dụng 10: Join the sentences, using relative clauses: 1. A girl answered the phone. She told me you were out. 2. The chair was broken two days ago. The chair has now been repaired. 3. I saw some people. Their car had broken down. 4. I recently went back to my hometown, I was born there. Zalo: 033.926.4002
27. Bài tập ứng dụng 11: Use ‘which’, ‘that’, ‘who’ or ‘whose" to fill in each gap: Zalo: 033.926.4002
28. Bài tập ứng dụng 12: Combine each pair of sentences into one. Use comma(s) if necessary: 1. Shakespeare was a famous playwright. His birthplace was Stratford- upon- Avon. 2. His grandmother had a great influence on his life. She was a hard-working woman. 3. Tom has hundreds of books. They are all in foreign languages. 4. Lan is interested in physics. I don't like it. 5. I will always remember the teacher. He taught me how to read and write. 6. The girl looked very upset. Her electronic dictionary broke down. Zalo: 033.926.4002
29. Bài tập ứng dụng 13: Complete each sentence using who/ whom/ which/ where: a) We will soon gather at the village where the festival is taking place. b) Do you know the name of the tourist ___ came and talked about New Year in Canada? c) I'm looking for a book___ tells about traditional festivals of Asian peoples. d) I couldn't go to the show___ was held in Hoi An last summer. e) This is the photo of the hero ___our teacher talked about in the lecture. f) My brother has told me about the festival___ is held in Hue City every two years g) I recently visited the school___ I used to study five years ago. h) I couldn't understand the dance___ I saw at the festival last spring. i) I'm really interested in the present___ you gave me on my birthday. j) Have you seen the photos___ I took at the camp last week? Zalo: 033.926.4002
30. Bài tập ứng dụng 14: Complete the sentences. Choose the most appropriate ending from the box and make it into a relative clause: + they were taken at the Christmas + it is celebrated in Viet Nam on the th party 15 of August in a lunar year + he has dreamt of it for a long time + it was displayed on the National Day + he used to live in my neighborhood + they are special Vietnamese food for some years ago the New Year + it is about to take place in the city + you bought it at the New Year Fair + it is called Passover last week + they live in the Amazon jungle a) On our friend's birthday we will give him a present ___ On our friend's birthday we will give him a present that he has dreamt of for a long time. b) We all like sticky rice cakes ___ c) Jill is in a hurry because she does not want to miss the colorful parade. Zalo: 033.926.4002
31. d) People in Israel are going to celebrate their festival ___ e) Do you know the name of a festival ___ ? f) I really enjoyed the firework ___ g) Today is the birthday of my friend ___ h) This is an interesting book about special celebrations of a tribe ___ i) Where are the photos ___? ii) j) Have you told Jim about the funny hat ___ Zalo: 033.926.4002
32. Bài tập ứng dụng 15: Read the passage. Fill in the blanks with who, which or where. I have many friends and they all have different ideas of summer vacations. One friend of mine who is the most adventurous likes an exciting holiday with lots to see and do. She wants to travel to many places (a)___ she can meet new people and enjoy their music. Therefore she is very interested in learning languages and eager to meet and make friends with the foreign students (b) ___ are living in her neighborhood. Another friend of mine is not so adventurous but really energetic. He is the person (c)___ plans our school visits in town. He has lots of good ideas on an exciting and amazing program (d)___ attracts all class members. He loves reading DIY (do it yourself) books (e)___ teach you to do things by yourself. And he often watches TV programs (f)___ report different celebrations in the world. A few friends of mine like helping other people and sightseeing. They volunteer to work in charity groups (g)___ help the flood victims, the children in the orphanage centers or the elderly people (h)___ live in the nursing houses. They believe that charity brings about happiness. Therefore they often spend their summer vacations to help the people in need and sightsee at the same time. I myself do not like traveling for pleasure. I have to help Mom with the odd jobs and take care of my younger sister and brother when Mom is at work. My parents are factory workers (i)___ work hard enough to support the family and our schooling. Summer vacations mean I have more time to spend with the household chores and my younger sister. However, I have a favor during the summer vacations, I am permitted to stay up for late television movies (j)___ are often very interesting. Zalo: 033.926.4002
33. Bài tập ứng dụng 16: Match the sentence pairs and join them with "which“: 1. My phone is out of order. a. This turned out to be true. 2. Rachel’s mother paid for the meal. b. It made her very depressed. 3. My brother is disabled. c. That was rather careless of you. 4. You left the keys in the car. d. This kept us awake. 5. Vicky didn’t get the job. e. It’s a real nuisance. 6. The police blocked off the road. f. That was very kind of her. 7. The women prayed aloud all night. g. That caused a traffic jam. 8. She said that the men were thieves. h. It means he can’t get about very easily. Zalo: 033.926.4002