Grammar for advanced leaners: Confusing verbs - Thấm Tâm Vy

Nội dung text: Grammar for advanced leaners: Confusing verbs - Thấm Tâm Vy

1. GRAMMAR FOR ADVANCED LEANERS Confusing verbs Here are some of the most common expressions wilh make and do. (Note that in the Some pairs of verbs in English are subtly different from each other and so can be a table below, sb = somebody and sfh = something.) source of confusion for learners. This is because the pairs, e.g. make and do, lay and lie, have similar meanings but are used to describe different kinds of actions or MAKE situations. These are'false synonyms'. ln other cases there are verb pairs which cause problems because we use them to describe similar situations even though they have an attempt an exception a noise opposite meanings, e.g. borrow and lend. These are'opposite pairs'. ln this unit we look an appearance an excuse an offer at the verb pairs which are most often confused. an appointment (= arrange) a fire a plan FALSE SYNONYMS qrrangements a fortune a point Several verbs appear to have similar meanings but are used differently. a bed friends (with sb) a profit A. MAKE and DO a (phone) call a fuss progress Make often means 'create' or 'produce': a charge (for sth) a gesture a promise - Aunt Alice is going to make the bridesmaids' dresses. a choice a good / bad job of sth a remark - Couda cheese is made in Holland. a comment a habit of sth a sound Make often expresses the idea of building and constructing: a contribution a journey a speech - The muttinationals are making a lot of products in the developing world these days. a decision a list a start (on sth) We also use make to describe a process of change. The meaning is similar to 'become' a difference a liviny a suggestion or 'cause to be': a discovery love time (for sthlsb) - The spare bedroom has made a wonderful office for Deirdre. (= has become) an effort a mess trouble - Those new drugs seem to make him very lethargic. (= cause him to be) an enemy of sb a mistake war Make + object + infinitive (without to) means 'force' or 'command': an enquiry money a will - The police officer made me empty my pockets. Make has a number of idiomatic meanings such as 'earn' and 'keep an appointment': DO - He makes $1000 a week on the oil rigs. - I can't make it on Friday; I'm in a meeting all day. your best (= try hard) an experiment the laundry We often use do to describe an activity or to mean 'carry out / complete a task': business (with sb) sb a fovour military service - What are we going to do for your birthday? (= take part in an activity) the cleaning / cooking / good (= help other research - You can go out after you've done your homework. (= you've completed) ironing / washing (up) people) the shopping We can use do + determiner + -ing form to describe regular tasks at home or at work: a course sb some good (= make sport - There isn't much in the fridge as I haven't done the shopping get. some damage sb better/healthier) your teeth (= brush /clean) - We do the stocktaking every Wednesday morning. the dishes your hair / face / nails well/ badly (= be B. Expressions with make or do your duty harm successful / unsuccessful) There are several multi-word verbs with make or do an exam / a test the homework / - Don't believe a word he said, he made it and all up. (= invented) an / some exercise housework - The government did away with the death penalty in the sixties. (= abolished) yourself an iniurg  Ttrere are a number of fixed expressions with either make or do: a job - It's time to do a decision. => It’s time to make a decision. - Who made your heir? => Who did your hair? C. We can describe some actions with either have or take; in other cases we only use one of these verbs: Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 21, 2019 GRAMMAR NOTES FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS
2. - That child lies all the time. (= says things which are not true) Notice that these three verbs have different forms: HAVE TAKE HAVE or TAKE an appointment account of a bath / shower infinitive past tense past participle present participle (= an existing arrangement) action a break lay (= action) laid laid laying an argument advantage (of) an exam / test lie (= state) lay lain lying a baby a breath a guess lie (= tell lies) lied lied lying a care care (of) a holiday / a vacation a chance (to do sth) a chance a look - Theg've laid new carpet throughout the house. a chat a decision a nap - We've been laying artificial grass on the new footboll pitch. a dance a dislike to sth / sb a rest - We found the old photographs lying in a drawer. a drink effect a seat - Yesterday I was so tired that I lay on the bed all morning. (past simple of lie) an effect (on sth) exception (to) a sip F. SPEAK and TALK. Speak and talk have very similar meanings and are often a fall the form of a stroll equally appropriate: a fit medicine / drugs a swim - I'm going to talk / speak to my teacher about it after the lesson. a go a message We usually use speak, not talk, for formal speeches when a person in authority is an/ no / any / idea offence (at sth) addressing an audience: lunch / dinner / a meal part (in) a quarrel a photo(graph) - The Prirne Minister talked to Parliament this morning. a race place => Before the election the President spoke to the nation on television. a row power We use speak, not talk, to refer to languages: a / the right (to) precedence (over) - Anetoly talks English with an accent . => Anatoly speaks English with an accent. a say responsibility (for) We use talk for long conversations. something to eat a risk - We were up half the night speaking. => We were up half the night talking. a talk root There are a number of expressions with speak or talk: a think sides (with sb) - Could you speak up, I can't hear you. (= talk louder) (no / the) time a step / steps - I'd like to talk about our new sales strategy. (= explain/discuss) a wash the trouble (to) - You're talking nonsense. (I strongly disagree with what you are saying.) a word (with) gears / months / weeks / days / C. Raise refers to the action of someone or something lifting, increasing or moving hours, etc. something else in an upward direction. To rise only refers to the movement itself: D. BEEN / GONE. The two past participle forms, gone and been, are used with similar - The government has been urged to raise corporation tax rotes to match those in other but slightly different meanings. In British English, we use been, not gone,when we European Union stotes. express the idea of visiting or going somewhere and then leaving or returning: - Rates are predicted to rise by ten per cent. - Jane's just got back. – She’s gone to the doctor.  Because raise refers to an action done to something or someone else it always has a => She's been to the doctor's. (= She went and then came back.) direct object: We use gone, not been, when someone has gone somewhere but not yet come back: - Fares will raise next year. => They will raise the fares next year. - Jane isn't here right now. – She’s been to the doctor. Rise cannot have an object: => She's gone to the doctor's. (= She went there and hasn't returned.) - They will rise the fares next year. => Fares will rise next year. For both of these situations, gone is commonly used in US English. [???] In formal English we sometimes use arise to refer to problems or difficulties occurring: E. To lay expresses an action; it means to put something or someone down in a flat - Tissue rejection is a problem which can arise in this procedure. position. To lie describes a state of being in a horizontal position. Compare:  Arise does not have an object: - You will find the process easier if you lay all the parts on a worksurface. (action) - Let's hope nobody arises the issue. => Let's hope that issue doesn't arise. - I think I'll just lie on the sofa until my headache goes. (state / position) There is also the verb lie meaning 'to say something that isn't true': Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 21, 2019 GRAMMAR NOTES FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS
3. => Could you fetch the children from school on Monday? (= go to the school and Note that these verbs have different forms: bring them home) infinitive past tense past participle present participle raise raised raised raising PRACTICE rise rose risen rising I. Rewrite the sentences using suitable forms of make or do. arise arose arisen arising 0 .What activities are you planning for next week? => What are yow doing next week? H. ROB and STEAL. We use rob to refer to the person or place that suffered the 1. Heavy rains have led to parts of the road becoming impassable. robbery; we use steal to refer to what was taken: 2. We're going to have the roof repaired next spring. - Thieves stole my uncle. => Thieves robbed my uncle. 3. It's all part of the research I'm carrying out for my dissertation. - A gang stole the head offiee. => A gang robbed the head office. 4. I'm rather busy this evening so lwon't be able to meet you at the cinema. - They robbed his gold watch. => They stole his gold watch. 5. The old pond has become a wonderful paddling pool for the kids We can use the preposition from to link steal to a person or place: 6. How can you talk to me like that after all I've achieved for you! - Colonel Blood stole the crown jewels from the Tower of London in 1665. 7. Are you going to take any more aerobics classes? We can use the preposition of to link rob with the thing which was taken: 8. In many countries women still earn less money than men for the same work. - No man has the right to rob another of his freedom. 9. They forced the hostages to walk for three days without food or water. OPPOSITE PAIRS 10. They've been producing Rolls Royce cars in the same factory for forty years. A. borrow / lend II. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of have or take. Some verbs act as'mirror images'of each other. They describe the same event from 1. You sometimes have to wait a year or two for the plants to really root in the different sides. soil. lf you want to use something that belongs to someone else you can borrow il from 2. Unless a cheque is received by return of post we will have no option but them. The owner of something can lend it fo you for a certain period: steps to recover the disputed sums through the courts. 'Dad, could we borrow gour electric drill?''Sorrg. I've alreadg lent itto Michael.' 3. I can't help you with that, I'm afraid; I absolutely no idea when it comes to B. Bring /Take and Fetch. electrics. Bring means to take someone or something with you to the place you are now, to your 4. You want to become a doctor at your age? It years to get through a medical degree. home, or to the place/event you have been talking about: 5. Do you mind if I a quick wash before we sit down to eat? - I've brought the pliers you said you needed. 6. She's very worried about the takeover. Perhaps you should a chat with her about it. - When are you going to bring your new boyfriend to meet us? (to our house) 7. And what makes you think you the right to lecture me on morality? - Jane and I got lost on the top of the mountain and we had to stay there till morning. 8. I'm not feeling too good today; I the most almighty row with my girlfriend Fortunately, Jane had brought some food and water. last night. Take means to move someone or something away from the place you are now, away 9. 9n the latest developments in the civil war it appears that the rebel army power in the from your home or away from the place/event you have been talking about: southern provinces. - I can't find the cheque book. Dennis must have taken it when he left this morning. 10. I can't think why you're so reluctant to go. Come on, a risk for oncel - When are you taking me to meet your parents? (away from here to their home) 11. We regret to announce that Alvin Claymore is unable part in tonight's performance  The choice of verb depends on the situation of the speaker: owing to ill health. - Are gou bringing gour scuba gear? (on our holiday) 12. The residents insist on their say; they're going to demand a public meeting - Are gou taking gour scuba gear? (on your holiday) with the housing committee. - I brought the car to work today. I am at work now.) 13 With any luck the new policing initiative a positive elfect on the appalling crime rate - I took the car to work today. (I am not at work now.) around here. Fetch means to collect someone or something from another place and bring it to the l4 I know I'm old-fashioned but I do exception to all the bad language on TV place you are now, to your home or to the place you are talking about. We don't use these days. bring with this meaning of 'collecting': 15 You really can't put this off any longer; you must a decision on the Knowlson case - Could you bring the children from on Monday? today. Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 21, 2019 GRAMMAR NOTES FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS
4. III. Choose the best word in italics for each sentence. 1.We'd better order a taxi to bring / take us to the airport next week. ANSWER KEY 2. My uncle borrowed / lend me the money to buy my first car. I. 3. Shall I bring / tahe my holiday photos when I come over on Saturday? 1. Heavy rains have made parts of the road impassable. 4. Is there any chance of you bringing / fetching the kids from their swimming lesson 2. We're going to have the roof done next spring. tonight? 3. lt's all part of the research I'm doing for my dissertation. 5. The car isn't here, I'm borrowing / lending it to my sister for the week. 4. I'm rather busy/l'm doing something this evening so I won't be able to make the 6. My boyfriend went to Japan on a business trip and brought / took me a fantastic MP5 cinema / make it. player. 5. The old pond has made a wonderful paddling pool for the kids. 7. Can I borrow / lend your dictionary? I left mine at home. 6. How can you talk to nre like that after all I've done for you! 8. When my girlfriend left me she brought / took my entire CD collection. 7. Are you going to do any more aerobics classes? 9. Would you like me to fetch / bring your car from the garage this afternoon? 8. In many countries women still make Iess (money) than nren for the same work. 10. Is there any chance I could borrow / lend your calculator over the weekend? 9. They made the hostages walk for three days without food or water. 10. They'vebeen making Rolls Royce cars in the same factory for forty years. IV. In the following texts some lines (l-17) have a mistake with the verb and some II. lines are correct. Find and underline any incorrect verbs and write the correct 1. take 2. to take 3. have 4. takes / will take 5. have 6. have 7. have 8. had verb form, then tick () the correct lines. The exercise begins with two examples (0) 9. has taken 10. take 11. to take 12. having 13. will have 14. take 15. take and (00). III. 1. take 2. lent 3. bring 4. fetching 5. lending US RATE RISE 6. brought 7. borrow 8. took 9. fetch 10 borrow 0. The Chancellor returned from this month's meeting of the 'Group  IV. 00. of Six' with news that interest rates are to be rised by an average of raised 1.  2. gone => been 3. lay => lying 4.  5. been => gone 1. half a percentage point in the United States. While the Chancellor 6. arose => arisen 7.  8.  9.  10. talked => spoke 2. has gone in Dallas city markets have been feverish with rumours of 11. robbed => stolen 12  13 stolen => robbed 3. even higher increases. The US dollar has been laying at an all-time 14. raising => rising 15.  16. laid => lain 17.  4. low for several weeks and the American trade deficit has been rising 5. steadily. The Chairman of the Federal Reserve has been to Tokyo to 6. discuss the problems which have arose from pressure in Congress to 7. tackle the deficit. He will be in Japan until next Tuesday. PRICELESS TREASURE DISAPPEARS 8. The Benton Horde, a priceless collection of ancient Roman silver, has 9. disappeared from its display cabinet in the British Museum. At today's 10. emergency press conference, Museum director Alan Woods talked of 11. his theory that the treasures had probably been robbed by a professional 12. gang on behalf of a specific collector as the silver is too well-known to 13. be sold on the open market. Ten museums have been stolen in the last 14. six months and the number has been raising steadily over the last few 15. years. The Benton Horde is one of Britain's most important collections 16. of Floman silver. lt was found in 1926, having laid undiscovered for 17. almost sixteen centuries beneath a Sussex field. Thẩm Tâm Vy, July 21, 2019 GRAMMAR NOTES FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS